WEBVTT

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<v Jonas>Over the next few lectures,</v>

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we will learn how to work with strings

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and so we're gonna be taking a look

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at a couple of useful string methods.

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Now I could have divided this part about strings

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into many more lectures

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and go really deep into some topics

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but I think it's best to just quickly introduce you

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to all the topics here

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and then keep using them in future projects

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because we work with strings all the time in JavaScript

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and so you will see these methods being used

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all the time throughout the rest of the course.

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Anyway, this is gonna be really fun

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so let's get started.

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And in this part of the section,

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we're gonna leave the restaurant theme behind

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and work on stuff related to airplanes and airlines.

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So that's something that I really like.

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So let's now start by creating an airline variable here

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and I'm using TAP Air Portugal.

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All right, and if you want, you can use some other one

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from your country maybe,

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but then you might have to adapt the examples.

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So as a plane,

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I'm using a string A320.

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Okay.

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And now let's do some stuff with this.

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So just like in arrays,

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we can get the character of a string at a certain position.

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So for example, plane at position zero

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should be A, right?

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So let's load this here.

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And indeed we got A

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and the same of course for all the other letters,

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one, two for example.

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And so indeed you now get three and two here

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but both of them are still strings.

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So if we wanted them to be numbers,

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we would have to convert them and we can do the same

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directly on a string.

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So we can just write a string and let's write B727 now,

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which is a Boeing and so this works the same.

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Okay so now we got to the B,

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we can also read the length property of strings,

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just like we can in arrays.

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So let's say airline.length.

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And again we can also do that directly on the string.

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Okay.

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There you go.

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Next up let's talk about methods.

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So again comparing strings to arrays here,

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strings also have methods

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and some of them are quite similar to the array methods.

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So one of them is the index off.

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So I believe we talked about this one

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when we talked about a array.

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And so this one works the same way,

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so we can get the position in which a certain letter

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is in the string.

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So let's use r here.

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And so here we now get to position number six.

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And so let's see zero, one, two, three, four, five and six.

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Okay and that's where the six here comes from.

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So you'll see that strings are also zero-based right?

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And we could observe that already up here.

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Now this here will only give us the first occurrence

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but sometimes we might need the last one.

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And so then we can use lastIndexOf,

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lastIndexOf and so that is 10.

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So this one was six then seven,

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because the space of course also counts as a character,

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then eight, nine, and this is position 10.

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Alright and we can also search for entire words.

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For example, for the occurrence of Portugal,

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and so that is at position eight,

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and this one is actually case sensitive.

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So if I search with lowercase,

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then we get minus one,

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because this can now not be found

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in this airline's string.

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All right now, what can we actually do with these indexes?

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Why are they useful?

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Well, one good use case is to extract part

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of a string using the slice method

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and a slice method needs indexes as arguments.

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And so therefore sometimes it can be very useful

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to first figure out the index of part of a string

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to then extract that.

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So let's see how the slice method works.

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So airline and then dot slice,

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and let's write four and see the result here.

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All right so the result is Air Portugal.

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And the reason for that is that this here

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is the begin parameter.

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So basically it's the position at which

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the extraction will start.

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And remember that this is zero based.

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So zero, one, two, three, and four.

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So four happens to be this A.

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And so this is where the slice method starts to extract.

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And this result that we get here,

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so just this here is called a substring

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because it's just a part of the original string.

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Now this does not change the underlying string okay?

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Just keep that in mind.

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That's because it's actually impossible to mutate strings.

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They are primitives, right?

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So if we wanted to use this string

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now we would have to store it first into some variable

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or some data structure.

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Okay, so this method here and all the other ones

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that we're gonna talk about always return a new string.

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Okay and so that's why we can then lock that result

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to the console like this.

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Now, besides the begin parameter that we already specified,

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we can also specify an end parameter.

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So let's try seven and see the result.

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And so now we only got air.

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Okay so this one is four, then five, six

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and seven is the space here.

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And so what this means is that the end value

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is actually not included in the string.

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All right so basically it stops extracting

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before reaching index number seven.

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And that's really important to keep in mind.

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And just as a side note,

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the length of the extracted string

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is always going to be end minus beginning.

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So seven minus four is three.

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And so that's the length here of air.

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All right, okay.

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Now up until this point,

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we have always just hard-coded these values,

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but ofcourse many times we don't even know the string

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that we receive yet okay?

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And so let's now try to extract just the first word

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of this string here,

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but without knowing any of the indexes.

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And so that's where this IndexOf,

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and lastIndexOf here become really important.

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So basically that we do not have to hard code

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these values here.

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All right so let's try to extract that first word

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as I was saying.

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Airline.slice

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and now we need to figure out the index.

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And now if we want the first word we need to start at zero,

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but what about the end parameter?

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Well we want to extract until this space here basically.

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So let's find the index of that.

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So airline.indexOf,

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and remember that this will be the first occurrence

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and so indeed we get top.

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All right and now let's do the opposite extracting

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the last word, so slice.

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And so for the last word,

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we want to start at the last space here.

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Okay that's why we have lastIndexOf.

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So airline.lastIndexOf

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and again searching for the space.

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And now we don't need the end parameter

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because then if we don't specify it,

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it will simply extract everything until the end.

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Okay.

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But actually now the space is also included here.

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And so we just need to add plus one,

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and now we're good.

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So that's the fundamentals of the slice method,

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but we can do even more with it.

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So let's go again here.

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And we can even define a negative begin argument.

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Like this for example,

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and then it will start counting from the end.

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Or actually start extracting from the end.

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So these are the last two letters from Portugal.

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And finally let's duplicate this one again.

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And again I'm using this shortcut here for duplicate.

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Okay.

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So we can also specify a negative end parameter.

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So the beginning is back to positive,

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and now the end is minus one.

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So let's see.

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And so basically we started at position one.

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So that's why the T is cut off.

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And then the negative end parameter,

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basically cuts off the last character.

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All right.

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And so we will need all of these

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different combinations here,

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in different situations.

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So it's good that you know how to use them,

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because you will need them at some point.

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Okay.

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And now let's practice a little bit,

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what we just learned

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and write a function that receives an airplane seat

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and locks to the console,

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whether it is a middle seat or not.

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I hope that sounds like fun.

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So let's write.

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Check,

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middle,

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seat.

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And it is a function which takes in a seat.

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And just to illustrate it,

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let me start by calling this function.

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To check middle seat.

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And so typically,

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an airplane seat looks like this.

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So we have the row as a number here

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and then the seat itself,

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so that's like the column so to say,

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it's then a letter for example a B.

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So it starts from the left

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and goes all the way to the right side.

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And in small planes, like the A320, or the Boeing 737,

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we only have six seats in one row.

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And that means that B and E are the middle seats.

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Let me just write that here.

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B and E,

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are middle seats.

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So just in case you're not familiar

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with how these small planes works.

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Right.

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And that's also not the point here of course.

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So basically all we want to do is to check

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if the string that we receive,

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contains a, B or an E.

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And if so, then it's a middle seat.

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And let's call this with a couple of different strings.

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So 23C

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and 3E.

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All right, so what we need to do here is basically

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take the last character of the string

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and test whether it is a B or an E right?

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So let's get that letter from the seat.

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Now we'll just call it S for seat again,

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but I cannot repeat the same name here.

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So how do I do that now?

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Well to extract part of a string,

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we already know we use the slice method

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and how do we take the last character of a certain string?

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Well, we use minus one as the begin character.

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And then as we saw up here,

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it will start counting basically one from the right side.

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And now it's very easy.

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If S equals B

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or if S equals E,

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then let's log to the console,

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you got the middle seat,

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which is the one that no one wants.

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Well, let's add an emoji here.

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Let's say this one

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or else

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you got lucky,

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just any emoji here,

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just to make it different

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and I think we are good now.

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Let's test it.

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And so indeed this here contains the B at the end.

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And so therefore it's a middle seat,

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the same for this one

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and this person with this seat got lucky.

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All right and that's how we extract parts of strings.

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And that's something really important to do.

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So maybe if you'd like,

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you can play around with this some more,

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maybe come up with your own example.

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Now before we move on here,

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let's just stop for a second

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and understand why all of this actually works.

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So we know that strings are just primitives.

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So why do they have methods?

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Shouldn't methods only be available

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on objects such as a race?

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Well that is actually true.

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However, JavaScript is really smart.

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And so here is how this works.

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Whenever we call a method on a string,

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JavaScript will automatically behind the scenes

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convert that string primitive to a string object

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with the same content.

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And then it's on that object where the methods are called.

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All right and this process is called boxing

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because it basically takes our string

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and puts it into a box

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which is the object.

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So basically what happens is this.

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So what JavaScript does,

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is to call this string function here.

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Okay.

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And so now you'll see, that this string here,

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looks a little bit more like an object.

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And we could take a look at this here.

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And so you see here, all of these methods,

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like slice that we just use.

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But this is beyond the scope of this lecture.

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We will learn what this is a little bit later.

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But what matters is that this indeed is now an object.

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So you see it is an object.

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And so this conversion here

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is what JavaScript does behind the scenes

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whenever we call a method on a string.

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And then when the operation is done

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the object is converted back to a regular string primitive.

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Okay.

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And in fact all string methods return primitives.

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Even if called on a string object.

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So let me demonstrate us here as well.

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Just really quick.

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And actually we want your type off.

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And so the result of all of this,

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is then back to being a string.

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Okay, but don't get confused by this.

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This is just a theory explanation

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behind why all of this works in case you're curious.

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And I hope you are.

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Great.

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But now let's move on to the next video,

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where we will continue working with strings.

