1 00:00:01,359 --> 00:00:02,270 In this lecture, 2 00:00:02,270 --> 00:00:04,444 we're gonna go back to the this keyword 3 00:00:04,444 --> 00:00:08,060 and learn how we can set the this keyword manually 4 00:00:08,060 --> 00:00:10,963 and also why we would want to do that. 5 00:00:12,195 --> 00:00:15,523 So let's say we are an airline again 6 00:00:15,523 --> 00:00:19,100 and in this case, Lufthansa, 7 00:00:19,100 --> 00:00:22,203 which is the biggest European airline group, by the way. 8 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:26,410 And so let's create a very simple object 9 00:00:26,410 --> 00:00:31,410 for this airline with a very simple booking method as well. 10 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:35,673 So we have the airline name. 11 00:00:36,520 --> 00:00:39,363 We have the code basically. 12 00:00:42,750 --> 00:00:46,093 We also want to keep an array of bookings. 13 00:00:47,010 --> 00:00:50,080 So also inside of the object, 14 00:00:50,080 --> 00:00:52,160 and then the book method. 15 00:00:52,160 --> 00:00:54,630 And remember from the previous section, 16 00:00:54,630 --> 00:00:57,880 I will now start using the way of writing methods, 17 00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:00,897 using the enhanced object literal syntax. 18 00:01:00,897 --> 00:01:05,897 And so that's simply by defining the method like this 19 00:01:06,010 --> 00:01:07,913 without having to write a function. 20 00:01:08,770 --> 00:01:11,710 So remember, before this, 21 00:01:11,710 --> 00:01:15,200 we used to do this, right? 22 00:01:15,200 --> 00:01:17,260 And if you still prefer this syntax, 23 00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:19,330 you can still do this one. 24 00:01:19,330 --> 00:01:22,940 But I do actually prefer the new syntax. 25 00:01:22,940 --> 00:01:25,653 And so I'll just start using this one now. 26 00:01:27,300 --> 00:01:29,340 So the flight number 27 00:01:29,340 --> 00:01:31,683 and also the passenger name here. 28 00:01:33,450 --> 00:01:35,873 So then let's log something to the console. 29 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:40,930 And again, this could have been boilerplate code here 30 00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:45,223 but it's also good to practice writing this. 31 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:51,463 So this should be a template string booked a seat on, 32 00:01:52,490 --> 00:01:55,700 so basically, we want to print like Jonas booked a seat 33 00:01:55,700 --> 00:01:57,837 on Lufthansa flight 34 00:01:57,837 --> 00:01:59,210 and then the flight number. 35 00:01:59,210 --> 00:02:02,440 And so here we are now going to get the airline name 36 00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:04,290 from the object. 37 00:02:04,290 --> 00:02:05,518 And so we already learned 38 00:02:05,518 --> 00:02:09,903 that for that, we use the this keyword, right? 39 00:02:11,858 --> 00:02:15,463 And then flight this.iataCode. 40 00:02:18,490 --> 00:02:20,020 So that's gonna be the LH 41 00:02:20,020 --> 00:02:22,130 and then the flight number itself 42 00:02:22,130 --> 00:02:23,853 that we pass into the function. 43 00:02:24,710 --> 00:02:26,307 So the flightNumber. 44 00:02:27,170 --> 00:02:29,760 So for now, this is just a nice review 45 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:32,853 of how the this keyword works, right? 46 00:02:34,100 --> 00:02:36,540 And of course, I will now assume that you know 47 00:02:36,540 --> 00:02:37,950 how all of this works 48 00:02:37,950 --> 00:02:41,040 because otherwise, I will have to explain the same things 49 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:43,000 over and over again. 50 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:44,910 And so as I mentioned before, 51 00:02:44,910 --> 00:02:47,550 you should only progress once you really understand 52 00:02:47,550 --> 00:02:49,200 a certain topic. 53 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:53,200 Anyway, let's now use the book function here. 54 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:56,220 And I'll use the flight number 239 55 00:02:57,440 --> 00:02:59,963 and then with my own name. 56 00:03:01,350 --> 00:03:04,210 And let's right away book another Lufthansa flight 57 00:03:06,020 --> 00:03:11,003 for let's say Mike Smith on flight number 635. 58 00:03:12,830 --> 00:03:15,080 John Smith. 59 00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:17,930 And now, if we take a look at the results, 60 00:03:17,930 --> 00:03:22,930 then indeed, everything works just as expected, right? 61 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:25,830 And so it's important to understand 62 00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:28,030 that the this keyword here points 63 00:03:28,030 --> 00:03:30,190 to the lufthansa object itself 64 00:03:30,190 --> 00:03:31,640 because that's the object 65 00:03:31,640 --> 00:03:34,990 on which the book method here was called. 66 00:03:34,990 --> 00:03:39,240 So again, that's just what I explained before, right? 67 00:03:39,240 --> 00:03:41,670 But now let's say that after some years, 68 00:03:41,670 --> 00:03:44,383 the Lufthansa Group created a new airline. 69 00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:48,910 So let's create eurowings here. 70 00:03:52,057 --> 00:03:53,757 And then a very similar object. 71 00:03:55,460 --> 00:03:58,403 So with the airline, the code. 72 00:04:00,660 --> 00:04:03,483 And also an empty bookings array. 73 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:07,580 Okay? 74 00:04:07,580 --> 00:04:08,413 Oh, and by the way, 75 00:04:08,413 --> 00:04:11,840 we actually also want our book method here 76 00:04:11,840 --> 00:04:14,520 to add a new object to our bookings here. 77 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:16,770 So that's super important as well. 78 00:04:16,770 --> 00:04:17,750 So I forget that. 79 00:04:17,750 --> 00:04:19,590 So let's go back here. 80 00:04:19,590 --> 00:04:21,610 So we will say again this 81 00:04:21,610 --> 00:04:22,960 and then the bookings array 82 00:04:24,280 --> 00:04:27,620 and then let's put a new object in there 83 00:04:27,620 --> 00:04:29,020 with the flight 84 00:04:30,020 --> 00:04:32,653 and so that's essentially gonna be this one. 85 00:04:33,750 --> 00:04:36,003 So the code plus the flight number. 86 00:04:40,150 --> 00:04:42,630 And then also the passenger name. 87 00:04:42,630 --> 00:04:46,143 And then let's quickly log that to the console here. 88 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:52,090 So this.bookings is not a function 89 00:04:52,090 --> 00:04:54,339 and of course, it's not. 90 00:04:54,339 --> 00:04:57,153 We need the push method indeed. 91 00:04:58,470 --> 00:05:01,590 And so now you see that we have an array 92 00:05:01,590 --> 00:05:03,133 of our two bookings here. 93 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:06,790 So that works perfectly. 94 00:05:06,790 --> 00:05:10,010 But now anyway, going back here to Eurowings, 95 00:05:10,010 --> 00:05:11,720 of course, we also want to be able 96 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:15,290 to take bookings for a Eurowings flight, 97 00:05:15,290 --> 00:05:18,370 so as being this airline, right? 98 00:05:18,370 --> 00:05:21,110 Now, taking this exact same method here 99 00:05:21,110 --> 00:05:24,070 and simply copying it and pasting it here 100 00:05:24,070 --> 00:05:26,670 is a bad practice, right? 101 00:05:26,670 --> 00:05:29,240 So of course, we are not gonna do that. 102 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:31,750 So instead, we will just take the method 103 00:05:31,750 --> 00:05:34,290 and store it in an external function. 104 00:05:34,290 --> 00:05:36,650 And then we can reuse that function 105 00:05:36,650 --> 00:05:38,453 for all of the different airlines. 106 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:44,520 So what I mean is to create a new function called book 107 00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:50,357 and we will simply set it to lufthansa.book, all right? 108 00:05:52,860 --> 00:05:54,300 So again, this is possible 109 00:05:54,300 --> 00:05:57,630 because JavaScript has first class functions. 110 00:05:57,630 --> 00:06:01,260 And so we can simply take this function value here. 111 00:06:01,260 --> 00:06:03,730 So that's this function 112 00:06:03,730 --> 00:06:06,430 and then store it into a new variable, 113 00:06:06,430 --> 00:06:10,470 which is then gonna be also the book function, okay? 114 00:06:10,470 --> 00:06:13,460 Now, we could have written the function here also literally 115 00:06:13,460 --> 00:06:15,280 but that's just not necessary. 116 00:06:15,280 --> 00:06:16,680 We have it right here 117 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:18,350 and so let's just leave it there 118 00:06:18,350 --> 00:06:21,160 and assign it to book right here. 119 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:24,660 Okay, so let's try to use this book function 120 00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:27,230 to do a new booking now. 121 00:06:27,230 --> 00:06:30,150 But what do you think is gonna happen? 122 00:06:30,150 --> 00:06:35,150 So 23, and then let's say Sarah Williams 123 00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:38,520 and let's give it a save 124 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:43,480 and now we get cannot read property airline of undefined. 125 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:45,193 So do you know why this happened? 126 00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:48,710 Well, it's because this function here, 127 00:06:48,710 --> 00:06:52,030 the book function is now just a regular function call 128 00:06:52,030 --> 00:06:55,170 and so as we learned in one of the previous sections, 129 00:06:55,170 --> 00:06:56,427 in a regular function call, 130 00:06:56,427 --> 00:06:59,400 the this keyword points to undefined, 131 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:02,070 at least in strict mode. 132 00:07:02,070 --> 00:07:03,086 All right? 133 00:07:03,086 --> 00:07:08,086 So once more, this book function is no longer this method. 134 00:07:08,900 --> 00:07:09,733 Okay? 135 00:07:09,733 --> 00:07:10,566 It's just not. 136 00:07:10,566 --> 00:07:13,400 It is now this separate function here. 137 00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:16,280 It's a copy of this one 138 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:17,980 but it's not a method anymore, 139 00:07:17,980 --> 00:07:19,007 it's now a function. 140 00:07:19,007 --> 00:07:21,900 And so here it's a regular function call. 141 00:07:21,900 --> 00:07:25,130 And so therefore, the this keyword inside of it 142 00:07:25,130 --> 00:07:27,470 will now point to undefined. 143 00:07:27,470 --> 00:07:29,810 And that's why I kept telling you earlier 144 00:07:29,810 --> 00:07:32,610 that the this keyword depends on how the function 145 00:07:32,610 --> 00:07:34,410 is actually called. 146 00:07:34,410 --> 00:07:38,240 Okay, so make sure to understand these dynamics here. 147 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:41,500 But now how do we actually fix this problem? 148 00:07:41,500 --> 00:07:44,870 So in other words, how do we tell JavaScript 149 00:07:44,870 --> 00:07:46,720 that we want to create a booking 150 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,030 on the new Eurowings airline? 151 00:07:49,030 --> 00:07:51,290 Or even how do we tell it that we want 152 00:07:51,290 --> 00:07:53,980 to book on Lufthansa here? 153 00:07:53,980 --> 00:07:57,910 Well, basically, we need to tell JavaScript explicitly 154 00:07:57,910 --> 00:08:00,780 what the this keyword here should be like. 155 00:08:00,780 --> 00:08:03,320 So if we want to book a Lufthansa flight, 156 00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:06,190 the this keyword should point to Lufthansa 157 00:08:06,190 --> 00:08:09,620 but if we want to book a Eurowings flight, 158 00:08:09,620 --> 00:08:12,800 then the this keyword should point to Eurowings. 159 00:08:12,800 --> 00:08:14,370 So how do we do that? 160 00:08:14,370 --> 00:08:17,300 How do we tell JavaScript explicitly 161 00:08:17,300 --> 00:08:21,700 or manually what this this keyword should look like? 162 00:08:21,700 --> 00:08:24,890 Well, there are three function methods to do that 163 00:08:24,890 --> 00:08:28,550 and they are call, apply and bind. 164 00:08:28,550 --> 00:08:31,020 So when we first talked about the this keyword, 165 00:08:31,020 --> 00:08:33,700 I think I mentioned these methods back then 166 00:08:33,700 --> 00:08:35,300 and so now we're gonna use them, 167 00:08:35,300 --> 00:08:37,453 at least the call and apply methods. 168 00:08:38,790 --> 00:08:40,743 Okay, so let me show you how. 169 00:08:40,743 --> 00:08:43,870 So instead of just doing this, 170 00:08:43,870 --> 00:08:45,810 which doesn't work, 171 00:08:45,810 --> 00:08:47,983 let's actually comment that out. 172 00:08:48,930 --> 00:08:50,793 Does NOT work. 173 00:08:52,330 --> 00:08:57,330 So instead, we use book.call, all right? 174 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:02,280 And remember that a function is really just an object 175 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:04,390 and objects have methods 176 00:09:04,390 --> 00:09:07,370 and therefore, functions can have methods too 177 00:09:07,370 --> 00:09:09,573 and the call method is one of them. 178 00:09:10,670 --> 00:09:11,870 And in the call method, 179 00:09:11,870 --> 00:09:14,230 the first argument is exactly 180 00:09:14,230 --> 00:09:17,230 what we want the this keyword to point to. 181 00:09:17,230 --> 00:09:21,130 So let's say we want a Eurowings flight 182 00:09:21,130 --> 00:09:22,520 and then as usual, 183 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:24,350 the rest of the arguments. 184 00:09:24,350 --> 00:09:29,350 So 23 and Sarah Williams. 185 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:30,310 All right? 186 00:09:30,310 --> 00:09:34,800 And then let's log to the console also the eurowings object. 187 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,320 Let's run this and then I'll explain a bit better 188 00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:39,393 what just happened. 189 00:09:40,270 --> 00:09:43,140 But indeed, we now have the bookings array 190 00:09:43,140 --> 00:09:45,270 and in there, we have the object 191 00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:49,710 with the EW23 and so EW comes from here. 192 00:09:49,710 --> 00:09:51,770 So exactly from the eurowings object 193 00:09:52,965 --> 00:09:54,900 and then also, of course, the name. 194 00:09:54,900 --> 00:09:57,227 And again, it is inside the bookings array 195 00:09:57,227 --> 00:09:59,083 of the Eurowings object. 196 00:10:00,270 --> 00:10:02,383 So let's recap what happened here. 197 00:10:03,460 --> 00:10:05,110 So this time, we did actually 198 00:10:05,110 --> 00:10:07,870 not call the book function ourselves. 199 00:10:07,870 --> 00:10:10,480 Instead, we called the call method 200 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:12,210 and it's then this call method, 201 00:10:12,210 --> 00:10:14,610 which will call the book function 202 00:10:14,610 --> 00:10:18,230 with the this keyword set to eurowings. 203 00:10:18,230 --> 00:10:21,080 So whatever we pass has the first argument 204 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:22,940 of the call method. 205 00:10:22,940 --> 00:10:25,280 And so this allows us to manually 206 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:27,950 and explicitly set the this keyword 207 00:10:27,950 --> 00:10:30,770 of any function that we want to call. 208 00:10:30,770 --> 00:10:33,360 Then all the arguments after the first one 209 00:10:33,360 --> 00:10:36,800 are simply the arguments of the original function. 210 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:38,510 And so in the case of the book function, 211 00:10:38,510 --> 00:10:41,000 of course, that's the flight number 212 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:42,733 and the passenger name. 213 00:10:44,460 --> 00:10:47,863 And of course, now we can do the same also for Lufthansa. 214 00:10:49,020 --> 00:10:53,243 So book.call, this time with lufthansa 215 00:10:54,630 --> 00:10:58,213 and let's book someone else on flight 239. 216 00:11:02,210 --> 00:11:03,750 Let's say Mary Cooper 217 00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:08,557 and let's log again the lufthansa object 218 00:11:08,557 --> 00:11:10,763 but let's do it now here. 219 00:11:12,890 --> 00:11:15,210 And indeed, the string that we get here 220 00:11:15,210 --> 00:11:16,870 is completely correct 221 00:11:16,870 --> 00:11:21,670 and in here, so in the Lufthansa bookings array, 222 00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:24,373 we now have, of course, three bookings. 223 00:11:25,413 --> 00:11:26,370 Okay? 224 00:11:26,370 --> 00:11:29,000 And so that, of course, happened because this time, 225 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:30,890 we set the this keyword inside 226 00:11:30,890 --> 00:11:33,843 of the function call to lufthansa. 227 00:11:34,770 --> 00:11:39,770 And so now this here is again back to pointing to Lufthansa, 228 00:11:39,940 --> 00:11:42,920 while before, right here, 229 00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,320 it was being pointed to Eurowings, all right? 230 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:49,660 So even though the code of this function 231 00:11:49,660 --> 00:11:52,740 is inside of the lufthansa object, 232 00:11:52,740 --> 00:11:56,370 we made it so that the this keyword in here 233 00:11:56,370 --> 00:11:58,820 pointed to eurowings. 234 00:11:58,820 --> 00:12:03,460 So to this object, this new one right here, okay? 235 00:12:03,460 --> 00:12:04,450 So we have a way now 236 00:12:04,450 --> 00:12:07,484 of manually manipulating the this keyword 237 00:12:07,484 --> 00:12:09,530 using the call method. 238 00:12:09,530 --> 00:12:11,860 And of course, we could now keep going 239 00:12:11,860 --> 00:12:15,027 and create more airlines into the Lufthansa Group, 240 00:12:15,027 --> 00:12:17,423 like the Swiss Air Lines. 241 00:12:23,115 --> 00:12:23,948 Air Lines. 242 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:27,770 Now, of course, these property names, 243 00:12:27,770 --> 00:12:31,800 they all need to have the exact same format 244 00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,230 as this original object here 245 00:12:34,230 --> 00:12:38,720 because this method is trying to read just these properties. 246 00:12:38,720 --> 00:12:40,820 So it's always iataCode 247 00:12:40,820 --> 00:12:44,560 and bookings, as you see here, and airline. 248 00:12:44,560 --> 00:12:45,580 And so of course, 249 00:12:45,580 --> 00:12:49,480 we need to use exactly these property names here as well 250 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:52,420 but just like this, 251 00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:54,300 we can now go ahead 252 00:12:54,300 --> 00:12:58,443 and use our book function on the Swiss Air Line. 253 00:13:00,070 --> 00:13:02,660 And so this time, we will set the this keyword 254 00:13:02,660 --> 00:13:06,163 in the book.call to the swiss object. 255 00:13:07,250 --> 00:13:12,250 583 and let's book another flight for Mary Cooper here. 256 00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:20,473 And indeed, it worked again. 257 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:25,323 So here is the booking again. 258 00:13:26,390 --> 00:13:27,390 Okay? 259 00:13:27,390 --> 00:13:29,510 There's just some weird thing here 260 00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:33,380 and so oh, actually here, 261 00:13:33,380 --> 00:13:35,120 it needs to be airline as well. 262 00:13:35,120 --> 00:13:39,620 So I was telling you you need to use the same property names 263 00:13:39,620 --> 00:13:42,070 and I wasn't even doing it myself. 264 00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:46,290 So it needs to be airline, just like it is here 265 00:13:47,250 --> 00:13:48,763 and the same here too. 266 00:13:51,150 --> 00:13:53,993 And now the string is, of course, correct here. 267 00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:56,860 Okay. 268 00:13:56,860 --> 00:13:58,573 Let me add a comment here. 269 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:03,000 Call method because in fact, 270 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,890 there is a similar method to the call method, 271 00:14:05,890 --> 00:14:09,530 which is called the apply method. 272 00:14:09,530 --> 00:14:13,560 And the apply method does basically exactly the same thing. 273 00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:15,720 The only difference is that apply 274 00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:18,290 does not receive a list of arguments 275 00:14:18,290 --> 00:14:19,723 after the this keyword, 276 00:14:20,710 --> 00:14:23,160 so it doesn't receive this list here 277 00:14:23,160 --> 00:14:25,300 but instead, it's gonna take an array 278 00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:27,697 of the arguments, okay? 279 00:14:27,697 --> 00:14:29,970 And so it will then take the elements 280 00:14:29,970 --> 00:14:33,670 from that array and pass it into the function. 281 00:14:33,670 --> 00:14:34,570 So let's say 282 00:14:37,003 --> 00:14:37,920 flightData, 283 00:14:39,190 --> 00:14:41,540 so I'm just gonna create quickly an array here 284 00:14:41,540 --> 00:14:44,850 with the flight number and the passenger name. 285 00:14:44,850 --> 00:14:49,800 So book on the same flight George Cooper 286 00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:54,703 and now we can use apply on the book function. 287 00:14:55,610 --> 00:14:56,823 So apply. 288 00:14:57,870 --> 00:15:00,990 And then just as here in the call method, 289 00:15:00,990 --> 00:15:03,783 the first argument is the this keyword. 290 00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:06,950 But now the second argument, 291 00:15:06,950 --> 00:15:10,333 it needs to be as I just said an array of data. 292 00:15:11,180 --> 00:15:13,963 So let's pass in the flightData array here. 293 00:15:15,410 --> 00:15:17,010 But then let's just take a look. 294 00:15:18,180 --> 00:15:20,313 I'll just take this one here actually. 295 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:27,820 And so indeed, here it worked again. 296 00:15:27,820 --> 00:15:29,220 All right? 297 00:15:29,220 --> 00:15:32,060 This apply method is not that used anymore 298 00:15:32,060 --> 00:15:34,660 in modern JavaScript because now, 299 00:15:34,660 --> 00:15:39,130 we actually have a better way of doing the exact same thing. 300 00:15:39,130 --> 00:15:41,163 And do you know what I'm talking about? 301 00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:44,830 So let me show it to you. 302 00:15:44,830 --> 00:15:49,260 Book.call, so instead of using apply, 303 00:15:49,260 --> 00:15:51,740 we can still use call, 304 00:15:51,740 --> 00:15:53,540 again with swiss 305 00:15:53,540 --> 00:15:56,770 and then we can simply use the spread operator 306 00:15:56,770 --> 00:15:59,227 to take the data out of flightData 307 00:16:00,090 --> 00:16:02,430 and basically put them here. 308 00:16:02,430 --> 00:16:06,050 So this here is the same as this one. 309 00:16:06,050 --> 00:16:08,780 And so right now, with modern JavaScript, 310 00:16:08,780 --> 00:16:12,140 I prefer to just always use the call method 311 00:16:12,140 --> 00:16:16,773 and then spread out the arguments from an array like this. 312 00:16:18,300 --> 00:16:22,523 So again, this here is exactly the same as this. 313 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:27,260 So in summary, we now have yet another tool 314 00:16:27,260 --> 00:16:29,210 in our toolbox here 315 00:16:29,210 --> 00:16:31,450 and this one is one that allows us 316 00:16:31,450 --> 00:16:34,820 to explicitly define the this keyword 317 00:16:34,820 --> 00:16:36,890 in any function that we want. 318 00:16:36,890 --> 00:16:39,260 But there is actually yet another method 319 00:16:39,260 --> 00:16:41,520 which allows us to do the same thing 320 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:43,530 and that's the bind method. 321 00:16:43,530 --> 00:16:44,363 It's more important actually 322 00:16:44,363 --> 00:16:46,740 than the call and apply methods, 323 00:16:46,740 --> 00:16:49,053 so I'm gonna leave it for the next lecture.