1 00:00:00,930 --> 00:00:04,100 In this lecture, let's answer the question. 2 00:00:04,100 --> 00:00:07,080 How is JavaScript code executed? 3 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:09,890 We already know that it happens in a call stack 4 00:00:09,890 --> 00:00:13,373 in the engine, but let's dig a bit deeper now. 5 00:00:14,790 --> 00:00:15,750 And let's start 6 00:00:15,750 --> 00:00:20,020 by supposing that our code was just finished compiling. 7 00:00:20,020 --> 00:00:23,240 Just in the way that we learned in the last lecture. 8 00:00:23,240 --> 00:00:26,860 So the code is now ready to be executed. 9 00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:28,160 What happens then, 10 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:32,890 is that a so-called global execution context is created 11 00:00:32,890 --> 00:00:35,280 for the top-level code. 12 00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:38,860 And top-level code is basically code that is not 13 00:00:38,860 --> 00:00:41,000 inside any function. 14 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:43,330 So again, in the beginning 15 00:00:43,330 --> 00:00:48,330 only the code that is outside of functions will be executed. 16 00:00:48,410 --> 00:00:50,530 And this makes sense, right? 17 00:00:50,530 --> 00:00:54,370 Functions should only be executed when they are called. 18 00:00:54,370 --> 00:00:57,020 And actually we saw this happening already 19 00:00:57,020 --> 00:00:59,230 in our pig game project. 20 00:00:59,230 --> 00:01:01,490 So there we had an init function, 21 00:01:01,490 --> 00:01:04,400 which initialized our entire project 22 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:07,210 but in order to actually initialize the game 23 00:01:07,210 --> 00:01:09,480 the first time that the page loaded, 24 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:12,200 we needed to call that function immediately 25 00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:14,160 in our top-level code. 26 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:16,500 And so that's what I mean here. 27 00:01:16,500 --> 00:01:18,490 But anyway, we can also see 28 00:01:18,490 --> 00:01:22,560 what top-level code is in this example here. 29 00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:24,860 So this name variable declaration 30 00:01:24,860 --> 00:01:27,950 is clearly top-level code right? 31 00:01:27,950 --> 00:01:30,330 And therefore it will be executed 32 00:01:30,330 --> 00:01:33,200 in the global execution context. 33 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:36,860 Next, we have two functions, one expression, 34 00:01:36,860 --> 00:01:38,800 and one declaration. 35 00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:41,000 So these will also be declared, 36 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,230 so that they can be called later. 37 00:01:43,230 --> 00:01:45,430 But the code inside the functions, 38 00:01:45,430 --> 00:01:49,890 will only be executed when the functions are called. 39 00:01:49,890 --> 00:01:53,880 Okay, so we know that a global execution context 40 00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:56,910 is created for top-level code. 41 00:01:56,910 --> 00:02:01,260 But now what exactly is an execution context? 42 00:02:01,260 --> 00:02:05,410 Well, an execution context is an abstract concept. 43 00:02:05,410 --> 00:02:08,400 But I define it basically as an environment 44 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:12,510 in which a piece of JavaScript is executed. 45 00:02:12,510 --> 00:02:16,700 It's like a box that stores all the necessary information 46 00:02:16,700 --> 00:02:19,290 for some code to be executed. 47 00:02:19,290 --> 00:02:24,290 Such as local variables or arguments passed into a function. 48 00:02:24,590 --> 00:02:29,590 So, JavaScript code always runs inside an execution context. 49 00:02:29,930 --> 00:02:32,340 And to make this a bit more intuitive 50 00:02:32,340 --> 00:02:36,720 let's imagine you order a pizza at a takeaway. 51 00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:41,050 So usually that pizza comes in a box right? 52 00:02:41,050 --> 00:02:42,700 And it might also come 53 00:02:42,700 --> 00:02:45,440 with some other stuff that is necessary 54 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:49,900 for you to eat a pizza such as cutlery or a receipt, 55 00:02:49,900 --> 00:02:54,150 so that you can actually pay for the pizza before eating it. 56 00:02:54,150 --> 00:02:55,730 So, in this analogy, 57 00:02:55,730 --> 00:02:59,640 the pizza is the JavaScript code to be executed, 58 00:02:59,640 --> 00:03:03,070 and the box is of course the execution context 59 00:03:03,070 --> 00:03:04,600 for our pizza. 60 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:08,820 And that's because eating the pizza happens inside the box 61 00:03:08,820 --> 00:03:12,830 which is then the environment for eating pizza. 62 00:03:12,830 --> 00:03:16,440 The box also contains cutlery and the receipt, 63 00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:19,170 which are necessary to eat a pizza 64 00:03:19,170 --> 00:03:23,970 or in other words, to execute the code, okay? 65 00:03:23,970 --> 00:03:25,540 I hope that made sense, 66 00:03:25,540 --> 00:03:28,380 and to made the concept of execution context 67 00:03:28,380 --> 00:03:30,700 a little bit more clear. 68 00:03:30,700 --> 00:03:35,150 Now, in any JavaScript project, no matter how large it is, 69 00:03:35,150 --> 00:03:39,030 there is only ever one global execution context. 70 00:03:39,030 --> 00:03:41,830 It's always there as the default context, 71 00:03:41,830 --> 00:03:45,250 and it's where top-level code will execute. 72 00:03:45,250 --> 00:03:47,160 And speaking of execute, 73 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:49,270 now that we have an environment 74 00:03:49,270 --> 00:03:52,300 where the top-level code can be executed, 75 00:03:52,300 --> 00:03:54,600 it finally is executed. 76 00:03:54,600 --> 00:03:59,420 And there is not a lot to say about the execution itself. 77 00:03:59,420 --> 00:04:02,500 It's just the computer CPU processing 78 00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:05,690 the machine code that it received. 79 00:04:05,690 --> 00:04:08,290 Okay, and once this first code, 80 00:04:08,290 --> 00:04:11,100 so the top-level of code is finished, 81 00:04:11,100 --> 00:04:14,950 functions finally start to execute as well. 82 00:04:14,950 --> 00:04:16,850 And here is how that works. 83 00:04:16,850 --> 00:04:18,813 For each and every function call, 84 00:04:18,813 --> 00:04:22,120 and you execution context will be created 85 00:04:22,120 --> 00:04:25,280 containing all the information that is necessary 86 00:04:25,280 --> 00:04:28,070 to run exactly that function. 87 00:04:28,070 --> 00:04:30,880 And the same goes for methods, of course, 88 00:04:30,880 --> 00:04:32,750 because they're simply functions 89 00:04:32,750 --> 00:04:36,180 attached to objects remember? 90 00:04:36,180 --> 00:04:39,590 Anyway, all these execution contexts together, 91 00:04:39,590 --> 00:04:42,630 make up the call stack that I mentioned before. 92 00:04:42,630 --> 00:04:44,943 But more on that in a second. 93 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:49,030 Now, when all functions are done executing, 94 00:04:49,030 --> 00:04:51,300 the engine will basically keep waiting 95 00:04:51,300 --> 00:04:53,810 for callback functions to arrive 96 00:04:53,810 --> 00:04:56,150 so that it can execute these. 97 00:04:56,150 --> 00:04:59,130 For example, a callback function associated 98 00:04:59,130 --> 00:05:01,330 with a click event. 99 00:05:01,330 --> 00:05:04,700 And remember, that it's the event loop who provides 100 00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:06,660 these new callback functions 101 00:05:06,660 --> 00:05:08,723 as we learned in the last lecture. 102 00:05:09,630 --> 00:05:10,580 All right. 103 00:05:10,580 --> 00:05:14,150 So we know now what an execution context is, 104 00:05:14,150 --> 00:05:16,930 but don't really know what it's made of. 105 00:05:16,930 --> 00:05:18,970 So, what's inside of it? 106 00:05:18,970 --> 00:05:21,143 And so let's find that out next. 107 00:05:22,490 --> 00:05:26,420 And the first thing that's inside any execution context 108 00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:29,760 is a so-called variable environment. 109 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:31,120 In this environment, 110 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:34,920 all our variables and function declarations are stored, 111 00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:38,330 and there is also a special arguments object. 112 00:05:38,330 --> 00:05:39,940 This object contains, 113 00:05:39,940 --> 00:05:43,150 as the name says all the arguments that were passed 114 00:05:43,150 --> 00:05:46,500 into the function that the current execution context 115 00:05:46,500 --> 00:05:47,900 belongs to. 116 00:05:47,900 --> 00:05:50,530 Because remember each function 117 00:05:50,530 --> 00:05:53,110 gets its own execution context 118 00:05:53,110 --> 00:05:56,280 as soon as the function is called. 119 00:05:56,280 --> 00:05:58,380 So basically all the variables 120 00:05:58,380 --> 00:06:01,610 that are somehow declared inside a function, 121 00:06:01,610 --> 00:06:04,830 will end up in its variable environment. 122 00:06:04,830 --> 00:06:08,120 However, a function can also access variables 123 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:10,210 outside of the function. 124 00:06:10,210 --> 00:06:12,920 And we have already seen that in action 125 00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:14,260 throughout this course, 126 00:06:14,260 --> 00:06:17,830 especially in the projects of the previous section. 127 00:06:17,830 --> 00:06:22,150 And this works because of something called the scope chain. 128 00:06:22,150 --> 00:06:24,040 And we will learn all about scoping 129 00:06:24,040 --> 00:06:26,680 and the scope chain later in the section. 130 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:28,590 But for now, what you need to know 131 00:06:28,590 --> 00:06:31,850 is that the scope chain basically consists of 132 00:06:31,850 --> 00:06:34,810 references to variables that are located 133 00:06:34,810 --> 00:06:37,440 outside of the current function. 134 00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:39,880 And to keep track of the scope chain, 135 00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:43,260 it is stored in each execution context. 136 00:06:43,260 --> 00:06:47,290 Finally, each context also gets a special variable 137 00:06:47,290 --> 00:06:49,580 called the this keyword. 138 00:06:49,580 --> 00:06:52,110 And once more, there is a special lecture 139 00:06:52,110 --> 00:06:55,960 just about the this keyword later in the section. 140 00:06:55,960 --> 00:06:57,000 Okay. 141 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:00,270 Now, the content of the execution context, 142 00:07:00,270 --> 00:07:03,490 so variable environment, scope chain 143 00:07:03,490 --> 00:07:08,490 and this keyword is generated in a so-called creation phase. 144 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:11,453 Which happens right before execution. 145 00:07:12,350 --> 00:07:14,070 And now just one final 146 00:07:14,070 --> 00:07:17,610 but very important detail that we need to keep in mind, 147 00:07:17,610 --> 00:07:22,160 is that execution contexts belonging to arrow functions, 148 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:25,040 do not get their own arguments keyword, 149 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:29,420 nor do they get the this keyword, okay? 150 00:07:29,420 --> 00:07:31,530 So, basically arrow functions 151 00:07:31,530 --> 00:07:33,900 don't have the arguments object 152 00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:35,720 and the this keyword. 153 00:07:35,720 --> 00:07:38,570 Instead, they can use the arguments object, 154 00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:39,990 and the this keyword 155 00:07:39,990 --> 00:07:43,740 from their closest regular function parent. 156 00:07:43,740 --> 00:07:46,990 And this is an extremely important detail to remember 157 00:07:46,990 --> 00:07:51,310 about arrow functions and we will come back to it later. 158 00:07:51,310 --> 00:07:52,840 So these are the things 159 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:56,080 that are necessary to run each function 160 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:59,300 as well as the code in the top-level. 161 00:07:59,300 --> 00:08:03,250 Now behind the scenes, it's actually even more complex 162 00:08:03,250 --> 00:08:07,250 but I think we're fine like this, aren't we? 163 00:08:07,250 --> 00:08:11,240 And now let's actually try to simulate the creation phase 164 00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:13,810 for this code example here. 165 00:08:13,810 --> 00:08:16,610 So, as you hopefully know, by now, 166 00:08:16,610 --> 00:08:19,710 we will get one global execution context 167 00:08:19,710 --> 00:08:21,670 and one for each function. 168 00:08:21,670 --> 00:08:23,970 So one for the first function, 169 00:08:23,970 --> 00:08:26,970 and one for the second function. 170 00:08:26,970 --> 00:08:28,350 In the global context, 171 00:08:28,350 --> 00:08:31,560 we have the name variable declaration, 172 00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:34,200 the first and second function declarations, 173 00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:37,900 as well as the X variable declaration. 174 00:08:37,900 --> 00:08:40,580 For the functions, the variable environment 175 00:08:40,580 --> 00:08:43,180 will literally contain all the code 176 00:08:43,180 --> 00:08:45,520 of a particular function. 177 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:49,530 Now the value of X is marked as unknown here, 178 00:08:49,530 --> 00:08:51,950 because this value is the result 179 00:08:51,950 --> 00:08:55,350 of the first function that we didn't run yet. 180 00:08:55,350 --> 00:08:58,810 But we will simulate this in the next slide. 181 00:08:58,810 --> 00:09:03,120 Now, technically none of these values actually become known 182 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:07,670 during the creation phase, but only in the execution phase. 183 00:09:07,670 --> 00:09:10,660 So this is not 100% accurate here, 184 00:09:10,660 --> 00:09:12,850 but it's just to illustrate 185 00:09:12,850 --> 00:09:15,760 how these execution contexts work. 186 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:18,750 Okay? So just keep that in mind. 187 00:09:18,750 --> 00:09:21,270 Anyway, now in the first function, 188 00:09:21,270 --> 00:09:25,430 we have the a variable set to 1 and the b variable 189 00:09:25,430 --> 00:09:28,350 which once again requires a function call 190 00:09:28,350 --> 00:09:30,620 in order to become known. 191 00:09:30,620 --> 00:09:34,550 Finally, the variable environment of the second function, 192 00:09:34,550 --> 00:09:37,470 contains the C variable set to 2, 193 00:09:37,470 --> 00:09:40,300 and since this is a irregular function, 194 00:09:40,300 --> 00:09:45,300 so not an arrow function, it also has the arguments object. 195 00:09:45,730 --> 00:09:48,010 And this object is an array, 196 00:09:48,010 --> 00:09:51,160 which contains all the arguments that were passed 197 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:53,830 into the function when it was called. 198 00:09:53,830 --> 00:09:58,270 In this case, as you can see, that's 7 and 9. 199 00:09:58,270 --> 00:10:00,380 Quite simple right? 200 00:10:00,380 --> 00:10:04,180 Well, it's simple because this is an extremely small 201 00:10:04,180 --> 00:10:05,660 amount of code. 202 00:10:05,660 --> 00:10:09,500 But now imagine there are hundreds of execution contexts 203 00:10:09,500 --> 00:10:11,680 for hundreds of functions. 204 00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:13,800 How will the engine keep track 205 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:17,020 of the order in which functions we're called? 206 00:10:17,020 --> 00:10:19,890 And how will it know where it currently is 207 00:10:19,890 --> 00:10:21,750 in the execution? 208 00:10:21,750 --> 00:10:25,403 Well, that's where the call stack finally comes in. 209 00:10:26,530 --> 00:10:28,500 And remember that the call stack, 210 00:10:28,500 --> 00:10:30,710 together with the memory heap, 211 00:10:30,710 --> 00:10:33,950 makes up the JavaScript engine itself. 212 00:10:33,950 --> 00:10:37,270 But what actually is the call stack? 213 00:10:37,270 --> 00:10:41,440 Well, it's basically a place where execution contexts 214 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:44,450 get stacked on top of each other, 215 00:10:44,450 --> 00:10:45,770 in order to keep track 216 00:10:45,770 --> 00:10:49,564 of where we are in the programs execution. 217 00:10:49,564 --> 00:10:53,190 So the execution context that is on top of the stack, 218 00:10:53,190 --> 00:10:55,660 is the one that is currently running. 219 00:10:55,660 --> 00:10:57,400 And when it's finished running, 220 00:10:57,400 --> 00:10:59,620 it will be removed from the stack, 221 00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:01,400 and execution will go back 222 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:04,270 to the previous execution context. 223 00:11:04,270 --> 00:11:06,780 And using the analogy from before, 224 00:11:06,780 --> 00:11:10,470 it is as if you bought pizzas with some friends. 225 00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:14,540 Each friend has a pizza box, and then you put the boxes 226 00:11:14,540 --> 00:11:17,490 on top of each other, forming a stack, 227 00:11:17,490 --> 00:11:21,093 in order to keep track, which pizza belongs to each friend. 228 00:11:21,980 --> 00:11:25,450 Now, all this sounds a bit abstract, doesn't it? 229 00:11:25,450 --> 00:11:28,480 And so to demonstrate how the call stack works, 230 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:31,760 let's walk through this code example together, 231 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:35,520 so that I can show you exactly what happens. 232 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:38,200 So, once the code is compiled, 233 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:41,510 top-level code will start execution. 234 00:11:41,510 --> 00:11:44,690 And then as we learned in the beginning of the lecture, 235 00:11:44,690 --> 00:11:47,940 a global execution context will be created 236 00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:50,850 for the top-level of code, right? 237 00:11:50,850 --> 00:11:54,260 So this is where all the code outside of any function 238 00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:56,270 will be executed. 239 00:11:56,270 --> 00:11:59,800 And what happens with this execution context? 240 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,113 That's right, it will be put in the call stack. 241 00:12:04,120 --> 00:12:07,980 And since this context is now at the top of the stack, 242 00:12:07,980 --> 00:12:12,370 it is the one where the code is currently being executed. 243 00:12:12,370 --> 00:12:16,120 So, let's continue now with this execution. 244 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:19,990 So here, there is a simple variable declaration. 245 00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:24,990 And then the first and the second functions are declared. 246 00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:29,950 So nothing fancy, but that's just how normal top-level code 247 00:12:29,950 --> 00:12:31,640 gets executed. 248 00:12:31,640 --> 00:12:33,930 But then, in the last line 249 00:12:33,930 --> 00:12:36,750 is where things start to get interesting. 250 00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:39,320 Here, we declare the X variable, 251 00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:41,840 with the value that is gonna be returned 252 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:44,460 from calling the first function. 253 00:12:44,460 --> 00:12:47,383 And so let's actually call that function. 254 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:52,430 Now what happens immediately when a function is called? 255 00:12:52,430 --> 00:12:55,920 Well, it gets its own execution context 256 00:12:55,920 --> 00:13:00,270 so that it can run the code that's inside its body. 257 00:13:00,270 --> 00:13:01,270 Perfect. 258 00:13:01,270 --> 00:13:03,690 And what happens to the context? 259 00:13:03,690 --> 00:13:07,200 Well, again it is put in the call stack, 260 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,540 on top of the current context, 261 00:13:09,540 --> 00:13:13,640 and so it's now the new current execution context. 262 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:14,473 Great. 263 00:13:14,473 --> 00:13:16,290 So, let's continue. 264 00:13:16,290 --> 00:13:20,010 So we have yet another simple variable declaration here, 265 00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:22,770 and this variable will of course be defined 266 00:13:22,770 --> 00:13:24,420 in the variable environment 267 00:13:24,420 --> 00:13:26,520 of the current execution context, 268 00:13:26,520 --> 00:13:29,950 and not in the global context, right? 269 00:13:29,950 --> 00:13:34,610 Then right in the next line, we have another function call. 270 00:13:34,610 --> 00:13:38,210 So, let's call that function and move there. 271 00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:41,030 And as you guessed a new execution context 272 00:13:41,030 --> 00:13:45,100 was created right away for this second function. 273 00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:46,990 And once more, it is pushed 274 00:13:46,990 --> 00:13:51,450 onto the call stack and becomes the new act of context. 275 00:13:51,450 --> 00:13:54,920 Now what's important to note here is that the execution 276 00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:59,420 of the first function has now been paused, okay? 277 00:13:59,420 --> 00:14:03,000 So again, we are running the second function now 278 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:07,420 and in the meantime, no other function is being executed. 279 00:14:07,420 --> 00:14:10,170 The first function stopped at this point 280 00:14:10,170 --> 00:14:12,220 where the second function was called 281 00:14:12,220 --> 00:14:14,310 and will only continue as soon 282 00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:17,240 as this second function returns. 283 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:21,080 And it has to work this way because remember, 284 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:24,650 JavaScript has only one thread of execution. 285 00:14:24,650 --> 00:14:27,890 And so it can only do one thing at a time. 286 00:14:27,890 --> 00:14:30,463 Okay? Never forget that. 287 00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:36,500 Now, moving to the next line, we have a return statement 288 00:14:36,690 --> 00:14:40,670 meaning that the function will finish its execution. 289 00:14:40,670 --> 00:14:44,350 So, what does that mean for the call stack? 290 00:14:44,350 --> 00:14:45,970 Well, it basically means 291 00:14:45,970 --> 00:14:48,430 that the function's execution context, 292 00:14:48,430 --> 00:14:50,740 will be popped off the stack 293 00:14:50,740 --> 00:14:53,920 and disappear from the computer's memory. 294 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:56,580 At least that's what you need to know for now 295 00:14:56,580 --> 00:15:00,060 because actually the popped off execution context 296 00:15:00,060 --> 00:15:02,250 might keep living in memory. 297 00:15:02,250 --> 00:15:05,300 But more about that later in the course. 298 00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:07,460 Anyway, what happens next, 299 00:15:07,460 --> 00:15:11,100 is that the previous execution context, will now be back 300 00:15:11,100 --> 00:15:14,740 to being the active execution context again. 301 00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:17,930 And so let's also go back to where we were 302 00:15:17,930 --> 00:15:20,340 before in the code. 303 00:15:20,340 --> 00:15:21,890 And I hope that by now, 304 00:15:21,890 --> 00:15:25,400 you start to see how the call stack really keeps track 305 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,260 of the order of execution here. 306 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:29,770 Without the call stack, 307 00:15:29,770 --> 00:15:32,180 how would the engine know which function 308 00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:34,410 was being executed before? 309 00:15:34,410 --> 00:15:38,180 It wouldn't know where to go back to, right? 310 00:15:38,180 --> 00:15:40,570 And that's the beauty of the call stack. 311 00:15:40,570 --> 00:15:44,030 It makes this process almost effortless. 312 00:15:44,030 --> 00:15:45,900 So I like to use the analogy 313 00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:49,070 of the call stack being like a map 314 00:15:49,070 --> 00:15:50,940 for the JavaScript engine. 315 00:15:50,940 --> 00:15:53,150 Because the call stack ensures 316 00:15:53,150 --> 00:15:56,760 that the order of execution never gets lost. 317 00:15:56,760 --> 00:16:01,200 Just like a map does, at least if you use it correctly. 318 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:02,090 All right. 319 00:16:02,090 --> 00:16:05,080 So, we returned from the second function, 320 00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:06,990 or back in the first function 321 00:16:06,990 --> 00:16:09,580 where we have this calculation, 322 00:16:09,580 --> 00:16:13,730 and then finally this first function also returns. 323 00:16:13,730 --> 00:16:16,780 And so here the same as before happens. 324 00:16:16,780 --> 00:16:21,320 So the current execution context gets popped off the stack, 325 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:25,030 and the previous context is now the current context 326 00:16:25,030 --> 00:16:27,440 where code is executed. 327 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:31,540 In this case, we're back to the global execution context 328 00:16:31,540 --> 00:16:34,330 and the line of code where the first function 329 00:16:34,330 --> 00:16:36,100 was first called. 330 00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:40,290 So here, the return value is finally assigned to X 331 00:16:40,290 --> 00:16:42,713 and the execution is finished. 332 00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:47,230 Now the program will now actually stay in this state 333 00:16:47,230 --> 00:16:51,420 for forever until it is eventually really finished. 334 00:16:51,420 --> 00:16:55,040 And that only happens like when we close the browser tab, 335 00:16:55,040 --> 00:16:56,580 or the browser window. 336 00:16:56,580 --> 00:17:00,110 Only when the program is really finished like this, 337 00:17:00,110 --> 00:17:02,750 is when the global execution context 338 00:17:02,750 --> 00:17:05,750 is also popped off the stack. 339 00:17:05,750 --> 00:17:10,750 And this is in a nutshell how the call stack works. 340 00:17:10,770 --> 00:17:13,890 So hopefully it makes sense now that we say 341 00:17:13,890 --> 00:17:17,370 that Java script code runs inside the call stack. 342 00:17:17,370 --> 00:17:19,830 And actually it is more accurate to say 343 00:17:19,830 --> 00:17:23,480 that code runs inside of execution contexts 344 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:25,020 that are in the stack. 345 00:17:25,020 --> 00:17:29,090 But the general point is that code runs in the call stack, 346 00:17:29,090 --> 00:17:30,853 which is of course true. 347 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:32,670 Great. 348 00:17:32,670 --> 00:17:34,850 Next up, we will learn some more 349 00:17:34,850 --> 00:17:37,310 about the variable environment, 350 00:17:37,310 --> 00:17:39,890 and how variables are created. 351 00:17:39,890 --> 00:17:42,893 So stay tuned for the next video.