0 1 00:00:00,180 --> 00:00:03,510 If we want that these devices can communicate with each other. 1 2 00:00:03,780 --> 00:00:05,550 They must use the same protocols. 2 3 00:00:06,030 --> 00:00:13,440 And, we are used to representing these protocols on a graph along two axis with the bitrate as the ordinate 3 4 00:00:13,830 --> 00:00:18,750 with bit per second as unit and the abscissa represents the range. 4 5 00:00:19,500 --> 00:00:24,480 There range is the distance at which none device can communicate with another device, 5 6 00:00:24,510 --> 00:00:27,870 or with a gateway. To represent all this protocol, 6 7 00:00:28,380 --> 00:00:34,470 we will compare them with each other and we'll start with a very well known one, which is the Wi-Fi. 7 8 00:00:35,130 --> 00:00:37,860 In terms of range, we're about 100 meters. 8 9 00:00:38,190 --> 00:00:43,740 That is to say that we're in the range of a house or an apartment, considering that there is attenuation 9 10 00:00:43,740 --> 00:00:51,510 in the walls, and regarding the bitrate, we're around 100 megabits per second. 10 11 00:00:52,350 --> 00:00:54,710 But there are many Wi-Fi standards. 11 12 00:00:54,720 --> 00:01:01,350 So we start on relatively low bitrate values, and with the latest standards, we are much more than 12 13 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:03,120 100 megabits per second. 13 14 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:11,100 Then, another protocol that is widely used in the world of the Internet of Things is Bluetooth. 14 15 00:01:11,130 --> 00:01:15,180 The Bluetooth, in terms of range, it's much less than the Wi-Fi. 15 16 00:01:15,690 --> 00:01:22,320 We're rather on a range of about ten meters and in terms of bitrate, we're more around one gigabit per second. 16 17 00:01:22,320 --> 00:01:24,840 In Bluetooth, 17 18 00:01:24,870 --> 00:01:29,640 What is interesting is that the latest standards are more focused on low power consumption. 18 19 00:01:30,270 --> 00:01:35,970 That's why Bluetooth has been renamed BLE for Bluetooth Low Energy in the latest generation. 19 20 00:01:36,990 --> 00:01:43,430 Then if we continue on this graph, we can stay in the world of home automation with Zigbee and for 20 21 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:47,130 Zigbee we're more or less with a range of 100 meters. 21 22 00:01:48,210 --> 00:01:54,380 The difference between Wi-Fi and Zigbee is that the bitrate is lower and we are talking of a value around 22 23 00:01:54,390 --> 00:01:55,710 one kilobits per second. 23 24 00:01:56,760 --> 00:02:01,620 Zigbee is often used in home automation for connecting switches, for example. 24 25 00:02:02,340 --> 00:02:11,580 Then we can use the network operators such as 2G then 3G, 4G and 5G with bitrates from low to very high 25 26 00:02:11,580 --> 00:02:17,130 value under future 5G. 2G and 3G will disappear in the near future. 26 27 00:02:17,670 --> 00:02:26,100 And we expect that the 2G service will be stopped by 2025 and for the 3G will be more around 2028, depending 27 28 00:02:26,100 --> 00:02:27,750 on how fast 5G is deployed. 28 29 00:02:28,470 --> 00:02:32,670 So, now we're going to move on the other part of the graph. 29 30 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:38,880 And on that part, we are dealing with very low bitrate and very short range. 30 31 00:02:39,300 --> 00:02:46,230 Here we find a very well known protocol, NFC that we use for contactless payment or access authorization, 31 32 00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:46,860 for example. 32 33 00:02:47,010 --> 00:02:53,940 And finally, we will go to the right part of the graph to find protocols with very high range but with 33 34 00:02:53,940 --> 00:02:55,320 very low bitrate. 34 35 00:02:56,190 --> 00:02:59,820 And that's where we'll find LPWAN for Low Power WAN. 35 36 00:03:00,340 --> 00:03:09,750 We will find here, protocol such as Sigfox, LoRa, along with the other operating network like NB-IoT 36 37 00:03:10,740 --> 00:03:12,300 and then LTE-M. 37 38 00:03:15,270 --> 00:03:19,500 So when we look at this graph, there is something that is surprising. 38 39 00:03:19,710 --> 00:03:26,190 It's that if I consider myself as a user, I would like to have both high speed and long range, which 39 40 00:03:26,190 --> 00:03:31,800 means that all the protocol that are on the top right of this diagram would be better than the other. 40 41 00:03:32,730 --> 00:03:36,570 And all those that are the bottom left would be useless. 41 42 00:03:37,410 --> 00:03:41,130 This is obviously not true for several reasons. 42 43 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:48,510 First, if we take the case of NFC, for example, NFC has a very particular characteristic, which is 43 44 00:03:48,510 --> 00:03:53,070 security, and when you make a contactless payment, you don't want long range at all. 44 45 00:03:53,220 --> 00:03:58,260 On the contrary, you really want the range to be as low as possible for security reasons. 45 46 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:02,310 So having a short range in that case was a feature that we were looking for. 46 47 00:04:02,670 --> 00:04:09,930 For the others, we could wonder why Bluetooth and Zigbee are interesting when with 5G we can have higher speed 47 48 00:04:09,930 --> 00:04:10,410 and range. 48 49 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:15,930 Well, in fact, to be able to compare them properly, we should add a new axis here. 49 50 00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:19,350 And this axis is the power consumption. 50 51 00:04:19,680 --> 00:04:22,870 If we look again at NFC, what is the consumption? 51 52 00:04:22,890 --> 00:04:23,730 It's zero. 52 53 00:04:24,330 --> 00:04:24,930 Why is that? 53 54 00:04:25,110 --> 00:04:28,890 Because the card we use, they are powered by a magnetic field. 54 55 00:04:29,190 --> 00:04:32,080 So there is no battery used during the data transmission. 55 56 00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:35,640 And on the other hand, how can we compare Wi-Fi with LPWAN? 56 57 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:38,190 The first advantage is the range, as we've seen before. 57 58 00:04:38,550 --> 00:04:43,680 But overall, it's again, the power consumption that we need to take into consideration. 58 59 00:04:43,740 --> 00:04:49,740 So that's why we have a whole bunch of protocol here for which we consider that the bitrate was not 59 60 00:04:49,740 --> 00:04:51,360 the most important property. 60 61 00:04:51,870 --> 00:04:58,050 But on the other hand, we wish to have a much higher range and also a very, very low consumption. 61 62 00:04:59,190 --> 00:05:03,960 In that course, we are going to focus mainly on LoRa, this protocol here. 62 63 00:05:05,460 --> 00:05:08,250 And now that we've understood what is LoRa compared to the others. 63 64 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:11,700 We're going to focus on the frequency band at lower values.