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So why not just do everything in Maine?

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Why even have a function?

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So to answer this question, we're going to look at a previous problem.

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This is something that I've kind of smashed together, but you must remember this.

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It was kind of the last thing we went over with a for loop.

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We had this problem that we solved where we calculated a whole number raised to a power right and explain.

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So this is all good, right?

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We did this program, it seemed to do what we wanted it to.

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It doesn't seem that bad to have this in Maine.

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It's not too big, right?

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But what have we changed things?

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So would I add some more stuff to it?

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So this is what we did before.

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Right.

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This what the program had before, but now we say our program wants to do it over again with some hardcoded

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values.

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You notice when we make another integer here called three.

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What do we put in it?

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Well, we end up using the result from this previous calculation and we add it to the value three.

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So that result gets saved in i3.

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We also then make an AI for which will be like another exponent, so this i3 will kind of be like a

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new hole.

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No i4 will be like a new exponent.

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And we kind of do a similar thing, but what we do is three plus whatever I two currently has at this

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point in time, which will be whatever the user entered up here for it.

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We're still doing a procedural program where we kind of go top to bottom like this.

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So I too already has this value that came from the user result has whatever was calculated here that

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we printed out, and we add that to the value three.

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So add three plus result.

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Put it in here and take three plus I to put that answer in here.

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Now we have a new hole number and a new exponent.

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We do the same thing with the result by resetting it to one right result has been changed.

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You know, by doing all this math and here we want to reset it to one just like Line 13 so we can start

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this process all over again.

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So we do that and then we start the process all over again, except rather than doing eyes less than

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I do.

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Also want to point out that, you know, my naming was a little bad.

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These are integers that the user entered into.

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I was for iteration, right?

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I could have used another variable.

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I kind of told that to you last time.

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You don't have to use.

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We call it whatever.

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But just so you know that there's a separation in your mind.

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It's not isFor iteration, the eye one eye to eye three or four.

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Those are the integers that we're considering for the power thing.

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So we do it again, right?

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But with our new values.

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We're saying that while go as long as I've listened, I for restart is zero to eight plus plus do resort

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times equals three to get a new power right?

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What if we just kept doing this over and over again, though, what if I did the same thing again like

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this, this whole chunk, just like we repeated it here?

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What if I repeated it again?

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And then what if I repeated it again and again and again and again?

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It's kind of annoying, actually really annoying that I have to keep rewriting this for loop, right?

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I got to rewrite all this like.

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Code here, and it's just getting like a little irritating, so.

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What if we instead make a new function that does this calculation for us?

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It actually does the work to figure out the answer of raising one number to another.

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No power.

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It does the Ecsponent calculation for us.

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It does this for a loop.

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All this code is in there and then we can do it as many times as we want.

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We can call it from wherever we want in our program.

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But it will handle the work for us.

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We don't have to keep rewriting stuff, we can just rely on the function to do its job right.

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We'll just say, Hey, function, your job is to calculate a power like an exponent.

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I'm going to give you one hole number and one exponent and you're going to do the work and you're going

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to give me back the answer and then I can print that answer out to the user.

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So let's go ahead and do that.

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All right.

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I am actually going to go here.

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I have this in the Visual Studio ED.

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And what I'm going to do, I think I left my.

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Yep, I have my console down here still.

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So what I'm going to do is I'm going to make a function for this.

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So what I will do is I will say and and sorry, it's still a little hard for me to type a slight wrist

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injury, so it's going to be a little slow and I'm just going to call this

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power.

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Or I'll just say, what about Kalik power or something like that?

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I'm going to need to give it a whole number parameter, right?

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We're going to pass it some data, right?

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We're going to like send it up some data for to do the calculation with two things actually right.

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We need a whole number and we need an exponent.

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So I'm actually going to say type integer, right, because it's going to be an integer.

86
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We noticed that we used an integer for the whole number and an integer for the exponent.

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So I'm going to call this and whole and and I'm just going to say exp instead of exponent.

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So then I put some curly braces press enter, make some room here.

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All I'm going to do is copy paste this right and I'm going to change some things.

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So what I will do is I will copy paste this when I control.

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See?

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I'm going to go up here, and I'm sorry.

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So Resort is not known because it hasn't been defined here.

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I'm going to go ahead and delete it, and instead I'm going to define it in this function.

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I'm going to say end result equals one now.

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The function knows what result is before we defined our function in Maine and we didn't pass it.

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To the function, right, the function doesn't know about any data unless you pass it to it, right?

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It can't do anything with that result unless it makes its own data.

99
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Here, we're clearly defining a new variable inside the body of this function.

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This is an important concept.

101
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It's something called scope, just like inside of the air for inside of the for.

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If you're inside the body of some type of function or control control structure, you must make sure

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that the things that you're using.

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Are in the correct scope for you to be able to use them, right?

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Certain things inside curly braces may not be known by stuff that's outside of the curly basis.

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Here we're making sure that we have made a new function, a new variable inside of the curly braces

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of our function.

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So it's in the body that way.

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The function knows about it.

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We're not going to care about it being in Maine anymore because calc power does the work now.

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Maine doesn't need to calculate aerosol, right?

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Maine is just going to receive the answer passed back to it.

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All Maine is going to do is get the input data and then it's going to send it to scout power, how power

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will do the result and pass the answer back.

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Of course, so now we say Entwistle equals one.

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But what we're going to do is actually use our data.

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And these variables, rather than use, I want an eye to.

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I won.

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Was the whole right?

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Too is the exponent, so what we're going to do is just rename these right because we have a hole right

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here.

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I want is the whole number.

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So instead we'll call this hole.

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I, too, is the expert on it, so we will call this XP because that's what's right here.

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Mane knows about the hole in the exponent, but only it knows it in the context of i1 and I, right?

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So what we can do now is we can delete this because our calc power function is doing this work now.

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Let's let it do that work.

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So now we're go we're actually doing the calculation here.

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What we will do then is pass back the answer right in the results.

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So what we will say is return result.

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So after resort has the proper answer, which is once the loop is done running, think back to your

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for loop program, right?

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Result kept doing multiplication over and over again until it had the correct answer.

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Now that it has the correct answer on online 10, we can just return it and that is what's getting passed

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back to our call.

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We don't have a call yet, though, so let's go ahead and make that call.

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So what we will say is we will say and answer equals calc power.

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I see that right here in my editor, so I'm going to go ahead and press tab.

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00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:11,750
Then I need to put the parentheses and here come the arguments, right?

140
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Let me see if you can guess what the arguments are going to be.

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00:10:17,810 --> 00:10:19,190
What am I going to put in here?

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Separated by a comma?

143
00:10:22,900 --> 00:10:25,240
So take a moment to think or pause the video.

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What I'm going to do is I want and I to write because main reads the data from the user input into I

145
00:10:34,660 --> 00:10:40,060
one and does the same thing, reads the exponent into it too.

146
00:10:40,420 --> 00:10:42,310
So let's do that.

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We're going to put AI one and then a comma, and I'm going to put a space you don't have to, but a

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space if you don't want.

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00:10:49,450 --> 00:10:50,530
But I'm going to say I too.

150
00:10:51,520 --> 00:10:53,860
And this is what gets passed up there.

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00:10:55,040 --> 00:11:02,420
This whole is the whole no, and it gets passed up to this position here, where it says whole I to

152
00:11:02,420 --> 00:11:06,140
holds the exponent it gives passed up here to the exponent.

153
00:11:08,510 --> 00:11:11,090
So now we have our answer here, right?

154
00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:15,680
So once it does the calculation, it passes the answer back to here.

155
00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:22,730
And then we save that value with the assignment operator into this new variable called answer.

156
00:11:23,840 --> 00:11:28,370
Instead of doing result here, we will print out answer.

157
00:11:32,380 --> 00:11:35,470
Then down here, we can replace all this stuff to.

158
00:11:37,010 --> 00:11:42,680
So instead of I want an interview in Maine, we're going to use an eye 394 as our arguments.

159
00:11:43,370 --> 00:11:47,630
But what we can do is delete this stuff just like we deleted it up here.

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So I'm deleting that because calc power.

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Does that work now?

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Press delete.

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What we're going to do is we can reuse this, but we're going to get a new value in it, so I'm going

164
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to say answer is now equal to count power and I'm not going to put I want an to this time, I want to

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send it.

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00:12:13,610 --> 00:12:22,640
I three and I four, so I say a three comma I four I three is the whole no, I four is the exponent,

167
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so I three gets passed up to here.

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I four gets passed up to here, and we're doing we're having it do this same task, but with different

169
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data now, right?

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00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:42,850
And we need to find our answer variable up here.

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We don't need to make another answer variable.

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We can just reuse it right here.

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What's happening is that when we get our new answer from the power, it gets overwritten into here.

174
00:12:57,850 --> 00:13:03,260
So answer whatever is an answer, which is whatever came from here, right?

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00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:04,790
That's the last thing we did.

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00:13:04,810 --> 00:13:13,060
Top to bottom the last time we did something with answers when this got saved into answer here what

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00:13:13,060 --> 00:13:16,990
we are doing is kind of taking.

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A new value from Cat Power overriding what was in answer and putting the new value in there.

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So it's kind of like a race or whatever is in answer.

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Clear it out.

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00:13:28,410 --> 00:13:30,660
Put this new thing in answer.

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00:13:31,380 --> 00:13:38,870
Now what we can do is have the same kind of see outline, but instead of I want an I to, we have three

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and four and we still put an answer here.

184
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So we print out the answer.

185
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We do it all over again with these new values.

186
00:13:49,730 --> 00:13:51,440
But it looks a lot cleaner, right?

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00:13:51,470 --> 00:14:01,160
We just kind of outsourced our work to this function and we said, Hey, how power handle some stuff

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00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:01,420
for us.

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00:14:01,430 --> 00:14:02,640
Can you do this task?

190
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I want you to be able to calculate the power and then just give it back to me.

191
00:14:06,770 --> 00:14:09,230
Then I can print it out to the user in the console.

192
00:14:10,830 --> 00:14:14,650
And it says, sure, let me give you that answer and say, Oh, thanks for the answer.

193
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That's what Maine says.

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00:14:16,260 --> 00:14:21,750
So here's some data I'm going to pass you some data calc powers like, Oh, cool, let me take this

195
00:14:21,750 --> 00:14:22,230
data.

196
00:14:22,860 --> 00:14:24,140
Let me do some calculations.

197
00:14:24,150 --> 00:14:27,360
Let me pass you back a single integer as an answer.

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00:14:28,290 --> 00:14:30,170
Maine says, Hey, I got it right here.

199
00:14:30,180 --> 00:14:31,530
This is where I caught the data.

200
00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:32,850
You just gave me the answer.

201
00:14:32,910 --> 00:14:36,920
Let me save that in a new variable that I made called the answer on this line.

202
00:14:36,930 --> 00:14:43,740
It says, OK, I'm ready to print out some stuff to the user and then print out that answer I got in

203
00:14:43,770 --> 00:14:45,030
Maine says, Hey, you know what?

204
00:14:45,030 --> 00:14:50,760
I'm going to do it again, so let me make some new hole and exponent values on my own.

205
00:14:51,810 --> 00:14:57,300
Rather than getting it from the user, then it says, Hey, cat power, can you do some work for me

206
00:14:57,300 --> 00:14:57,720
again?

207
00:14:58,380 --> 00:15:02,360
Let me pass you some more data and cow power says, OK, great, pass me the data.

208
00:15:02,370 --> 00:15:03,780
I'm going to do the calculation.

209
00:15:03,780 --> 00:15:04,710
I'm going to pass you back.

210
00:15:04,710 --> 00:15:10,050
Another answer and Maine says, Hey, thanks, I got your answer right here in the highlighted section.

211
00:15:10,860 --> 00:15:14,970
I saved that answer into answer again.

212
00:15:14,980 --> 00:15:18,310
What I did was I overrode it, and I put it in answer.

213
00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:25,140
Now I can print out this new value that you passed me, and I do that with the C outline.

214
00:15:25,140 --> 00:15:30,240
I say I three and I four this time and I print out the new answer I just received from Cat Power.

215
00:15:32,310 --> 00:15:39,270
Hopefully, that was enough of an explanation for you to understand that I'm going to save this, so

216
00:15:39,270 --> 00:15:40,350
I went ahead and saved it.

217
00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:42,720
Right now, I actually you can do this to you and say right here.

218
00:15:45,150 --> 00:15:51,090
Let's go ahead and recompile this, I have a command right here to compile it.

219
00:15:52,050 --> 00:15:54,800
And this is actually function practice to.

220
00:15:55,170 --> 00:15:57,840
I just pressed up on that.

221
00:15:59,670 --> 00:16:09,840
Let me do this f l practice uh to.

222
00:16:15,350 --> 00:16:18,530
Our source told us that it helped to see.

223
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:22,450
Oh, yeah.

224
00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:23,740
We have this problem.

225
00:16:24,670 --> 00:16:30,070
So on line 24, I have a result here, but it's no longer called result.

226
00:16:30,670 --> 00:16:33,540
It's called answer, so I have to change that.

227
00:16:33,580 --> 00:16:34,390
That was an error.

228
00:16:36,070 --> 00:16:40,720
So the thing that it complained about here was I had the weird result here.

229
00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:45,070
And so it said OK on line 24 starting and character 18.

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It said result was not declared in this scope.

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00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:49,720
Remember, we talked about scope.

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So inside the scope of main, which is inside the curly braces.

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The compiler said, Hey, you're trying to add result to three, yet I've never seen the word result

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before, and that's because since we're doing top to bottom.

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There was no result, right?

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How can C++ know what the variable result is when we haven't even made it?

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What I did was I changed it to answer.

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And so when it said result right here in this zone, it was saying, OK, I don't know what that is.

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I can't compile this because you haven't told me what the word result means.

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You haven't told me what the variable holds or anything.

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You haven't defined it.

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I actually meant to put answers.

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So now I changed it to answer.

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Let's go ahead and recompile it.

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In fact, what I have to do first is save it.

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So let me save it less.

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Recompile it now.

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It's OK, I'm going to have to clear.

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And now what we can do is we can run this.

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So f l to um, was it no fail?

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What did I call that NFL PR too?

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So either way, I felt help are to run that.

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Let's get some numbers.

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I'm going to just say two to the third power.

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And then what it's going to do is it should print.

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This first two to the third power than what it's going to do is it's going, let's just predict this,

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right?

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That's what I'm would do.

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Let's see if we can predict what the answer is going to be.

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So we have to turn the third power.

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So what it will do is call cow power first with two and three.

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It should return the value eight, and it should say.

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To it, this is the carat symbol, two carat three is equal to eight.

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It'll do an inline go to a new line.

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It'll then say, I'm going to make a variable, I'm going to do three plus eight because eight was the

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answer, right?

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So it's eight, nine, 10, 11.

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It'll say, All right now, I three has 11.

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Then I'll say my four is three plus eye to eye.

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Two is going to be this value three.

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So three plus three is six.

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It's now going to calculate 11 to the six power.

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Honestly, I don't know what that is.

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Off the top of my head, but that's what it will print out.

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It'll say 11 to the sixth power is going to be whatever that answer is.

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So I when I press enter, that's what we really should see.

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And there we go.

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It's a big number.

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Hopefully, that is correct.

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You can double check that with a calculator.

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In fact, I think we could do that here.

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So I will just say 11 x to the Y six equals, and that looks like the same number right there, right?

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So one, seven seven one.

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Five, six, one, so that looks good, good to me.

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So that is pretty cool, right?

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We went ahead and outsourced all that work to our calc power function, so you can probably imagine

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just how much you could do now by having functions, how nice your program could be.

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Imagine having many, many functions that do many things.

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We're about to be able to write very large programs that do a lot of complex stuff, and these functions

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are going to help us a ton.

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This is probably a lot for you to absorb.

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I'm going to have more function videos, and in those function videos, we're going to look more into

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depth about what's going on with functions.

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And in fact, we are going to use more functions, not just one.

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So you can get more practice.

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And once I explained some more things using multiple functions, we will go over some problems just

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like we did with loops, so you will get a chance to exercise your newly learned skills.

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All right.

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So with that, I think that's enough that I've stuffed into your heads in this lecture about functions.

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Rewatch the video if necessary, I will be doing more function stuff.

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Don't worry if you're confused or nervous or feel like this is too much.

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We will practice so you can better understand and absorb it.

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With that, I will see you in the next lectures.