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OK.

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So in this lecture, we are going to go over some of the coding part of the last lecture, we actually

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showed some code in the last lecture, but this one, we're going to kind of mess around with some of

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the seeing object stuff.

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And we're also going to talk about the keyboard buffer and what we can do when there is that failure

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of scene.

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Remember, we talked about that scene dot fail with the parentheses.

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The Dot fail was, of course, a function.

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And once again, pretty much like every lecture, I'm going to say something like, Oh, this will go

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over this in the future, but I really want to kind of explain why I'm introducing something like seeing

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Dot fail at Dot anything right now.

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So the reason that I am introducing this is because I think that it is very useful.

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It's important to know about what's really happening with C in.

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If you're going to learn about taking input.

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I feel like you do need to know a little bit about the keyboard buffer and how to check for things.

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And it just so happens that in this programming language, C++, this method or function is being called

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on.

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This the in object.

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It's that's the way that it was set up, and I can either choose to kind of tell you some useful things

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that can be used with this thing so you can better understand it.

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Similar to the string where we had a string, the string variable length, I feel like that's an important

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thing to know.

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Of course, I didn't introduce all of those functions, but it's important to know.

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And so some of you might be thinking, Well, we haven't been taught functions yet, and I don't know

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what an object is.

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I don't like you say, see an object.

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I don't know what that is.

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And this dot thing is confusing.

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And why haven't we learned about functions yet?

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I'm definitely going to heavily go over functions, but.

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I don't want to have to go over all that right now and go over objects, which would require me to go

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over classes and all of that just to show you a few useful things.

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So what?

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I'm hoping that you take out of this when I say dot, something with the parentheses is just you can

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memorize just a handful of useful stuff that goes along with the topic that we're talking about.

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So like just string dot length.

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If you only remember that one thing dot length out of all of the member functions that exist for it,

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that is perfect.

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You can just remember that one thing.

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And today I'm going to introduce two more dots something not just dot fail.

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And if you just remember, you know, one or two of them, you know, that's great.

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We're going to heavily go over the objects and function stuff in the near future.

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But right now, I don't want to just let this stuff that has to do with the keyboard buffer just like,

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you know, not be mentioned because I feel like it's it's very important.

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It's important for you to know how this language works and know what the keyboard buffer is, because

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you might not be able to understand what's happening with your input if we were not to go over this.

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So just wanted to put that out there in case some of you are worried, you know why?

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I'm just not explaining what an object and function are in more detail.

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I've given a basic explanation of the function, but it doesn't really explain why there's this dot

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function, right?

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So just kind of want to get that out there.

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I will explain that.

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But for right now, if you can just remember this little bit that some of these things, like a string,

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we have the dot length and for a scene, we're going to have a dot fail.

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We'll talk about that today and we'll have some other two other, you know, dot and then a different

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function name with the parentheses as well.

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Just want to get out of the way so that we can go ahead and get started.

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You notice that I've made a program here called Input DCP.

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I've already kind of set up this standard skeleton of a program that we will be using a lot over and

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over.

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So go ahead and set this up if you haven't.

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Of course, it is up to you, whether you want to add this line or not.

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But yeah, so of course, we want to include ice cream, right?

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Because like in the last lecture, we said that not only does see out come from Io stream, but seen

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also comes from my stream.

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Another thing is that I have my terminal and I have navigated already to the directory that contains

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my program.

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You notice this in this first program.

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So let's go ahead and get started.

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What I'm going to do is I'm going to declare a few variables because like you might have guessed, we're

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going to try reading different variable types and from we're seen in different orders and kind of inspect

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what's happening.

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So I'm going to do a chart.

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I'm just going to call this see, I'm going to do and you can call this, I'm going to do a float and

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I call this F.

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So then what I'm going to do is prompt the user to input some of this stuff, so I'm going to say see

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out and I'm going to say into

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char and float like that.

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So actually, you know what, I'm going to do this and another order unless they flip it float and.

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And I'm actually going to put another into our statement to.

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So chocolate and Ms.

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Hello.

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And then this will prompt the user to enter that, and then I'm actually not going to put an end line

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because I want them to enter it on the same line.

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So then I will do CNN and we will do a char, which is see right will read it into our C variable,

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that char variable.

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And then I will do the float and then the AI and then the AI to.

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And then what I'm going to do here is I'm going to sit out and let's just say Char, and then we'll

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put see and then I'll say float, and then we'll put F. And then we'll say and one and I'll put I and

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then we'll say and two and I'll say two, and then I'll put it in line here.

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So we're going to print them all out, basically read them all in, print them all out.

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So let's go ahead and just kind of enter something that's expected first, so I'm going, go ahead and

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save this.

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I'm going to actually just compile this.

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Let's see.

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I'll do.

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I'll I'll just call this

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test and put dots easy.

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All right, so now I'm going to do this.

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Run this test in front, so asks us to enter it.

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And so what I'm going to do is just put a so I'll do a and then a space and then I'll do, let's see,

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two point seven, which is a float and then I'll do a 10 and then I'll do one 23.

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Cool, so it prints them up like kind of without spaces, I should put some spaces here, so let me

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go ahead and add some spaces, so that's more reasonable shared on that originally.

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So I'm going to say this, I'm actually going to clear this, compile it and let's go ahead and write

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it again.

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A.

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Ten point three.

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OK, so now they're separated enough to read it, so we notice that it reads them in correctly and prints

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them correctly.

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So we have this a is the cha two point seven is getting read into the float.

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10 is being read into integer one and to three is being read into the integer oh two.

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Cool.

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So let's go ahead and run this again and test it with something else, so I'm going to put a car and

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then I'm going to put a float and then I'm going to put another char.

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So I'll put B and then I'm going to put an integer for the second one.

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So let's see what happens.

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Huh.

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So this is pretty weird.

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So we noticed that, yeah, we got the zero kind of like we saw in the last lecture, but then for this

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second one, we got this like huge number.

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I mean, that's pretty wild, right?

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So what's happening with this second one?

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Well, what's actually happening is that it's printing out and un initialized pretty much like garbage

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value here.

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So this this I too, it's just like some massive number because it hasn't been initialized to anything.

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So it's kind of just like this random

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chunk of like memory because we haven't really initialize to any specific value.

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You know, if you you could put like a one here that would be initialized into a value.

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Let's see if it actually shows up here.

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So I'll compile this, and I saved it and I'll run it, I'll do the same exact thing now, so I'm going

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to do.

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Let's see the a two point seven, b 10.

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So now you notice that it's actually a one because we initialized it to a one before we didn't initialize

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it.

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So it could just put some type of like this is what we call garbage a garbage value because it's some

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un initialized value that is just pulling like from the memory wherever we are like, you know, putting

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the end.

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So that's why you get this unexpected number.

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So but what can we do to kind of prevent this stuff from happening or or catch it, you know, how can

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we see what's really going on here if we saw this?

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You would probably be really confused with like, OK, well, yeah, the B.

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Maybe that's easier because we insert a char, but then I'm getting this garbage value and you know,

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what's what's going on with this stuff?

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So let's see if I actually have another.

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Let's see if.

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Let me kind of demonstrate what's going on, what's going on with this, so the input is actually failing

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here, but this stuff remains on the buffer.

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So let's kind of let's kind of prove that I'm going to go ahead and try and prove that to you now.

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So this is why I'm going to use some and fail.

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And another scene that something is going to be seeing, don't ignore.

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So here's something we can do with this see and fail.

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We can use it if and then what we can do is inside of this if statement we can check, did it fail?

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So see and fail is going to return this boolean value for us.

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If you think back to the functions I was talking about when I originally introduced that idea of a function

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and I said some functions returns, some things, some functions don't return.

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Some things see end fail is a function call and it's going to kind of return.

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This true or false thing is whether the season has failed or not.

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And so we can check that with an if remember, inside of here, we're looking for a true or false value.

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And so we can check, OK, if.

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You know, true, if this is true, if seeing fail is true, then we can say something, you know,

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and we'll put our brackets in so we can say, you know, oops, CNN failed.

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So we'll just put that.

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So let's go ahead and test this to see if it's in fact failing, I mean, it looks like it's failing,

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right?

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So I'm going to go ahead and clear this, compile it and run it.

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So I will do this a two point seven b 10.

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And it does say that it says, Oops, CNN failed if we were to run this again and we, you know, put

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stuff that was OK.

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You know, you notice it doesn't say that C and failed because we entered the right data types and stuff,

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right?

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We didn't have this B.

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So I was telling you before that what happens is that once it fails on the B.

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This other stuff kind of just remains in the keyboard buffer.

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Which is pretty, pretty interesting.

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So that's let's kind of mess around with.

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Let's mess around with something else.

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So.

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If I was to enter stuff in a different order.

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Let me see if I can come up with something interesting here.

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If I was to.

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Come up with.

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Let me let me actually one change something in the code a little bit so.

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Or actually what I'll do is I'll enter islands or something something else, so I'm going to do an A

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for a char.

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And then we will do a.

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Let's see.

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We will do.

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A.

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2.7, one, 10.

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And then let's just say I also do a 100 year.

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So we get our initial stuff that we expect, right, we get the a two point seven, a one and a 10,

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and these are all read into the variables that we expect, right?

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Because we had four of these variables the char, a float, one integer and then another integer.

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And that's all represented here.

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I also typed in this extra number, though.

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So that's kind of interesting, right?

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So let's say I go again and I have another scene in here and I'm just going to like, make you make

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another variable up here.

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I'm going to call this and I three.

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And I put another C in here and I'm like, all right, you know, I did this like.

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Scene right here and.

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Let me actually I'm going to I'm going to put this after my print statement just to kind of like see

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if I can prove the best point here, but I'm going to say, Oh no, I want to like CNY three.

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So what I might be expecting when I make this program, as I say, Hey, OK, I'm going to read in these

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four things or just whatever the user types, and then I'm going to print it out.

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And then after that, I want to ask the user again for something.

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So maybe I want to put another see out and I want to say, enter one more and write and do this on the

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same line.

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And then I'll say Seattle last and and I'll put a three.

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So kind of cool, right?

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So let's let's see what happens when I do something like this, though, so I'm going to go ahead and

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save this.

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So now we have like one more integer, right?

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So what we're expecting is that we can enter a line of stuff.

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And then we can print it out and then we can ask the user for one more integer and then it will prompt

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them to enter it and they'll enter it, and then it will, you know, they'll press enter after they

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type the integer.

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And once they press, enter and then we'll print it out, right?

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That's what should happen.

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So let's go ahead and compile this.

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Run it.

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And if I go like this, let's say I got two point seven, one 10.

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And then like, let's just say I accidentally like type an extra number on here.

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I forget that it's really four and then I type like three integers.

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So, look, this is a program just completely finished, actually.

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So it did not prompt me to enter anything else, actually.

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00:18:04,580 --> 00:18:09,640
It just said enter one more end and then an end immediately printed this thing.

229
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,700
Right here, it's like it's like intro one more end.

230
00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:19,980
And then we were expecting it to like, pause and let us enter something, but then it just immediately

231
00:18:19,980 --> 00:18:22,740
printed last and 100.

232
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:26,310
Well, that's actually about 100 from right here.

233
00:18:26,700 --> 00:18:31,510
And you want to know why it is printing this out without like pausing to ask us again.

234
00:18:31,530 --> 00:18:33,570
That's because it's on the keyboard buffer.

235
00:18:33,570 --> 00:18:35,880
It's some extra stuff on the buffer.

236
00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:39,620
So we only asked it for four integers.

237
00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:44,860
I'm sorry not for integers, we only use it for four different inputs.

238
00:18:45,370 --> 00:18:47,800
Yeah, we accidentally entered a fifth input.

239
00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:54,790
And so what happened was when this CNI three happened, we expected it to just let us let it let us

240
00:18:54,790 --> 00:18:58,030
like have a pause and like, enter it, you know, it was supposed to stall.

241
00:18:58,030 --> 00:19:03,100
Let us into something else, but it just grabbed whatever was on the keyboard buffer.

242
00:19:03,310 --> 00:19:06,040
And this was on the keyboard buffer, this one hundred.

243
00:19:06,340 --> 00:19:07,850
So that's why it grabbed it.

244
00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:10,870
It did not pause for us and it immediately just printed it out.

245
00:19:12,580 --> 00:19:15,700
So that is why it's important to know about this keyboard buffer.

246
00:19:15,850 --> 00:19:22,530
So what can we do to kind of avoid some of this keyboard buffer stuff?

247
00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:30,620
So I'm actually going to use my kind of go back and use a different example, so I'm not going to be

248
00:19:30,620 --> 00:19:35,600
using this, but let's go back to what we had previously.

249
00:19:36,380 --> 00:19:39,920
So I'm going to go ahead and say this, I'm going to come.

250
00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:40,630
I saved it.

251
00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:42,980
I'm going to compile it and run it again.

252
00:19:43,250 --> 00:19:48,620
So let's enter argued on a two point seven.

253
00:19:49,100 --> 00:19:52,460
But then we do the B and then we do 10, right?

254
00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:55,070
So that's four things which is expected.

255
00:19:55,070 --> 00:19:58,400
But the problem is, is that C and fails.

256
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,060
And I mean, look at this number now we have something totally different.

257
00:20:01,070 --> 00:20:03,070
Look, it's a negative huge number.

258
00:20:03,080 --> 00:20:08,680
So this is just another chance for me to prove to the point of these garbage values.

259
00:20:08,690 --> 00:20:12,770
Look, it just picked up some other random huge number because i2 is not initialized.

260
00:20:12,770 --> 00:20:14,390
In fact, none of these were initialized.

261
00:20:15,020 --> 00:20:21,200
So if we had more integers that we were trying to read into, they would have garbage values like if

262
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:26,540
I put the i3 right here on the scene and it never made it to it, it would have some garbage value.