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OK.

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Welcome back to another lecture.

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In today's lecture, we will be going over something called strings, which I have kind of already introduced

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to you.

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If you think back to things like Hello World and some of the other things between devil quotes that

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we've printed out with the see out statement, those were strings, except we weren't really making

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a string in a variable or anything.

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You know how we've made variables with within and doubles and charges and things like that.

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You can also make a string type variable, and we weren't really doing that.

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We were just kind of hard coding a string by putting the double quotes in the printout statement.

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So now we're going to talk about what strings really are.

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And they're very closely related to erase, actually.

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So that's kind of why I'm putting this lecture right after the arrays because it's kind of fresh in

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your mind.

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So I'm hoping that you'll be able to draw similarities between how arrays are laid out in memory and

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how they work with subscript and all that and how that relates to strings.

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So today I'm going to mix it up.

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I'm not going to be in visual studio code.

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I'm instead going to use them.

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I'm actually going to do it from Bash right now.

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I am in Bash.

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I'm in the same directory that this just says first program, which is really not a first program.

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I just keep abusing this directory and putting all these things in here.

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As you can see, I already have a strings.

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Does CBP file so you can just open that with them and string first CP if you don't have it, you can,

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of course, just start from scratch the same way you know them and then strings that CBP will just create

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a new file and then you just make sure you save it.

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Or if you want to create it first without opening it, then you can do touch strings, CBP or something

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like that.

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That's another command touch lets you make a file so you can just be like my file here.

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You know, whatever the file name is, you can just put that right there, but I already have it right

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here.

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So I'm going to just open that, OK?

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Or so I've already just set it up with a main function like a skeleton.

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And this include right here with I'll stream.

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And so what we're going to do is just straight up put the data type, which is a string, and we have

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access to this data type because of us having the IO stream here.

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So the string data type is not really a primitive data type.

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It is something that is called a class or an object.

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That is something we will get into later.

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But basically there's a big file or several files that have to do with the definition of this data type.

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And you can actually do a lot of fancy things with strings, as we will see, but declaring it is as

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simple as doing that.

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So just like an entity, you can do string, you notice it doesn't highlight, and that's because it's

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not primitive.

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You notice I put float.

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It highlights if I put double it, highlights if I put char.

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It highlights greens, but string.

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Since it's not a primitive type, it's something a little more complex.

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It's just remains gray.

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So same thing we can put a variable name just like we were before, so maybe I just call this string

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s and what I can do is set it equal to something just like Hello world between the double quotes, remember?

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So strings go between double quotes all the time.

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Single quotes are reserved for chars.

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So, you know, a child would be something like that, but a string would be something like that.

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So we've used this hello world offer, of course, and our first program, but we just put it in a see

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out.

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You know, just we had something like, see out, hello world and then in the line.

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But now we're actually saving this hello world into a variable called S.

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That's the name of the variable.

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And of course, here is the type that precedes it, and we use the assignment operator just like other

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variables.

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So what is a string, though?

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So a string is actually technically an array of characters, so you can make an array of characters

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right?

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And you can imagine that it's just something like between here, like you had an age and an E and an

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L

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L, you know, I mean, I don't need to continue, but it's basically hello world kind of like that

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and an array and you have these positions to like the zero one two three four.

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So just like an array, you have positions in a string that are similar to an array.

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You have indices and you can then use this sub scripting thing that you are using for arrays already.

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And also a big, important thing to remember is that it starts at zero.

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That's something we're going to be focusing on a lot.

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All of these indices, when you're talking about containers, they're going to be starting at zero and

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counting up from zero.

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So the first element, its position is at position zero in here.

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So the string is kind of laid out like this.

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It's really just a bunch of characters connected, which makes sense, right?

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Because H is kind of like a character, you know, E is like a character.

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L is like a character.

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And even the space is kind of considered like a character there.

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So it's just really like a collection of a bunch of different characters.

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So kind of makes sense.

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And when they're put all together, you can call that a string thing is you don't have to have a collection

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of a of multiple characters.

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You could easily just have this be a string, just see like I was kind of showing before.

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So a cool thing about strings, like I was saying is you can actually index them, and when you index

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them, it will give you a character.

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So I can actually make another variable and say Char C equals and I can actually say I can use s, and

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I'll use this subscript operator with these brackets.

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And what I'll do is, I'll say s zero and here.

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So what don't you like, take a moment and think about what is going to get saved into the variable?

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See if I do s- subscribe to zero.

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So think about that for a second.

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OK, so let's go ahead and actually print this stuff out to see what it is.

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So I'm actually into this and I'll print out s, which is the string, and then I will go ahead down

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here and I will print out.

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See, so you can see what see is.

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So I'm going to go ahead and compile this, and it kind of depends on that one interesting thing.

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This may or may not work, I believe it depends on the version of C++ that you have installed, but.

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You might not be able to print out.

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With this output operator, a string without including another thing from Standard Temple Library besides

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iOS gene.

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So there's another one called string.

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So you can actually go, for example, would be something like this.

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It's actually string like this, just like iOS Dream.

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And that gives you access to a lot of other things that have to do with strings.

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You can use a lot of extra little tools, along with strings to do some kind of cool, complicated stuff.

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I'm not a hundred percent sure if that is going to be necessary in the version I have running here for

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my bash, but we'll have to see if it throws an error.

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We will go ahead and include this.

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Otherwise, I will admit it.

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So I went ahead and did X there to save.

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So now I'm going to do the D-plus Plus command, and I'm going to do strings that CP dash.

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Oh, and I'll just call it strings.

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I'll just call the strings dot out.

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OK, so yeah, it has.

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Oh, that is actually another problem.

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That's a separate problem.

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Doesn't recognize string because I wasn't using a namespace.

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So if I go back in here, all I have to do really is put the study in Hong Kong before that, since

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we are not using doing this using namespace instead.

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We actually have to include this namespace with the scope resolution operator, just like we've talked

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about before.

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So I'm actually going to just use this and add this in here.

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So this should fix that problem.

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Let's go ahead and compile this again and look at it runs fine.

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I'm going to clear and we notice that if I do an LS here or if you're not in bash, you can do there

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if you're in seemed.

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And we see that we have this string sort out our output file.

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So I'll go ahead and run this strings down.

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Read us last string start out and you might notice that instead, if you're not in bass, you might

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do something like that for string start out.

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But you know, I'm going to go ahead and run it standard like bash and we see this hello world string

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that was s.

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And then after that, we printed out an s sub zero.

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So S subscript zero positions zero.

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Is this h right?

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So pretty interesting that we can do that, let's let's kind of see if we can print out some more.

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So if I was maybe to not put this in line yet and I instead just wanted to stay on the same line, I

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could do something like.

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Actually, I could keep it, I'll keep it on the same line we could just to see.

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And then we actually.

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I'll leave this see.

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So it saved Essence Subzero saving to sea, but let's just keep printing out the rest of these.

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So I will go as sub one as sub to s sub three s sub four s.

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And you know, I'm just going to go with was zero one two three four.

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So we'll just print out hello and then I'll do Angelyne.

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So this should actually match it with the characters all smashed up against each other.

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It should be h e l l o, and that should print out below our hello world.

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So let's go ahead and test it out.

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I'm going to do I'm in escape mode now, so I'll go ahead and do a client and an X to save and quit.

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Or you can do a W Q and like that.

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So now it's saved on.

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You go ahead and press the up key so we can re compile it.

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And then for some key again, to run it again.

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And now we see that we are printing all of those characters as well, so not just the age, but we're

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printing out the E the L L just by using the S serve one you know, of to the best sub for there.

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So you notice that position zero once again is H.

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So we have h zero e as a position one.

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First of all, the position to second position three and opposition four, if we kept going, it would

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be five six seven eight nine 10, so that would be the total length there.

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So speaking of length, what how do we get the length of this string?

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So let's go back to our file, so you might be thinking about that potential way to get it with an array

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using the size of function and then maybe having like the, you know, the size of the string and then

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dividing by the size of like a, you know, sub zero or something like that.

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It's possible to like, go about it in that way.

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I'll be a little bit harder.

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There's actually something that.

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Is a bit easier, and it may look confusing at first because we haven't talked about much about functions

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yet and gone over how to use functions, and we definitely have in our classes.

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And you know, this string, like I told you, something kind of called a class.

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It has a lot of data associated with it, but it gives us some nice tools to use, and that was the

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point that I wanted to get across.

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So instead of just concluding our stream, I'm going to uncomment this and I'm also going to include

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this string library now.

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So something that I can do to get these links is use the string, which is s.

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So that's a variable.

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And what all I have to do is use this dot and then tape lengths with some parentheses here.

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So it may look kind of confusing, but this is going to give us the length of the string s, which is

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and if we were counting the actual length, we're not going to start at zero.

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That's just the position, right?

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Because we're zero one two three four five six seven eight nine 10.

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But if we start at one and we actually counting how many characters are here, it would be one two three

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four five.

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We're still counting this six seven eight nine 10 11.

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So we're still counting the white space here and its length.

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11.

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So let's go ahead and test this out, I'm actually going to since it's a no, I'm going to actually

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make an integer and I'm going to call this string length like this.

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And I will, you know, I actually call I just say string like that, I say string l equals.

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S Dodd.

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So period and then the word length, and then I'll put my finishing semicolon and we have these parentheses

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here, don't forget those.

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This is something we will talk about later.

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But essentially this is very similar to this main function you notice after the main function.

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There are these parentheses.

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We're going to talk about functions later, I keep kind of saying that, and you're probably like,

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when are we going to talk about functions?

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We will talk about functions later.

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I'm just trying to see, you know, how much stuff we can really stuff into this main function before

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we need to break it up and have our own functions.

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But nevertheless, this is a function or something that you might often hear as a method.

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You know, a method is kind of something that has the dot and then a function after it like this.

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Whereas a sometimes you might hear a function referred to as something more like if you had length and

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then just like the thing that you're interested in was maybe in here, like your string was inside the

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parentheses.

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So you may hear that terminology, but you can call it a function right now if you want.

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So, you know, because that that works to you and C++, we can just think of this as a function.

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And what you're doing is you're calling the function on the string just like the main gets called by

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the operating system.

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Remember, this is the same thing.

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A function is getting called on the string.

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And when I say on this because it's using this dot, we're doing X, which is the variable for the string

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and then dot.

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So OK, we're going to call a function on this now on the string, and we're going to call the length

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function in this length function is just going to give us the length of the string, which was 11,

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I believe, and it will save it.

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So all this stuff that happens right here is giving us that number 11 and it's saving it here into this

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integer variable.

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So now we should be able to print out this integer variable and have it show us that number, right?

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So let me go ahead and just do that, so I also print out this, I'll actually make a little string

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here that we can print out, and it'll just be a label.

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So I'm just going to say the length of the string s

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and I'll put a call in here and then we will just put this string L and I will also put it in line here.

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OK, so let's see what happens.

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So I'm going to go ahead and compile this again.

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And then I'm going to run it.

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And there we see R11.

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It says length of the string s and then we have a call in and then it says that it's 11.

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So pretty cool, right?

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And the cool thing is that there are a ton of functions that have to do with these string.

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So once you include this guy right here, you get access to a ton of stuff like this where you can put

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the dot and put a bunch of other functions that will do cool things for you.

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And it's not always necessary to have the done you might encounter.

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You might encounter some of these, too, where you'd have a function that you put the string inside

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of the parentheses for as well, and it will do something for you.

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So pretty cool stuff.

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That is something that I am going to explain.

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I think in a another lecture where I will kind of go over all the different cool functions that you

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can use with strings because they're very useful and we're definitely going to want to use them to solve

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some cool problems in the near future.

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I don't want you to get too caught up in this funky like dot and then the function and get worried about

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like, what is that?

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Don't worry, we will explain that for now.

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Just think of it as a nice way to get the length of a string if you can just memorize this.

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And no, that OK.

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Whenever I have a string variable like this is this is here, then I can just, you know, whatever

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I call it, you don't have to call it as you could just call it, like, you know, my string.

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And you could just do my string length.

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You just put whatever the variable name is and then dot length with these empty parentheses here, and

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that would give you the length.

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So just remember that function for now, because it's sort of a useful function.

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And I just wanted to throw one in here for this introduction to strings, but we will be going over

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some more as well.

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And of course, we will be explaining what these parentheses mean and what it really is to have other

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functions besides this one main function that we're stuffing everything into.

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OK, cool.

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So now, you know, this, of course, wouldn't run, so I'd have to change this to my string.

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But I think that I think that we are pretty much good with explaining the basics of the string.

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So I'm not going to go change all this and I might just turn this back to this, actually.

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So pretty cool.

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I will have another video where I go into strings a little bit more, but I thought this was just a

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cool kind of introduction.

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You can practice making some variables with these, although it's fairly straightforward.

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Maybe practicing the indexing would be a good idea.

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A good idea as well, this is kind of just meant to be a very basic introduction to tell you what a

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string really is.

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Show you how it's related to an array and it really has these positions underneath it, you know, that

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are like, you know, zero one two three four five six seven, eight, nine and 10 right there.

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So right underneath the characters, these are the positions for the string.

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And I just wanted to point that out because I feel like that's one of the most important things.

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Strings go a lot deeper and we will be going deeper into it in the next few lectures.

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But with that, I will let you sit on this and kind of absorb this minimal material that we've provided

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so far, and I will see you in the next coming lectures.