WEBVTT 00:00.320 --> 00:01.130 Okay, now let's see. 00:01.130 --> 00:03.050 How can we manipulate the strings? 00:03.080 --> 00:09.350 Let me define a variable and just type hello comma world. 00:09.680 --> 00:10.970 Something like this. 00:10.970 --> 00:15.050 And now how can we access individual characters from the string? 00:15.050 --> 00:16.910 Well, same as with the array. 00:16.910 --> 00:19.370 We just use the square bracket syntax. 00:19.370 --> 00:21.980 So let's see what this would give us. 00:22.070 --> 00:24.020 This zero. 00:24.050 --> 00:26.000 This should give us the first character. 00:26.240 --> 00:29.690 Let me run PHP string manipulation. 00:29.720 --> 00:30.440 There it is. 00:30.440 --> 00:31.700 We've got H. 00:32.840 --> 00:40.340 So using this square bracket syntax you can get specific characters same as in the array. 00:40.340 --> 00:43.460 You can get specific elements from the array. 00:43.490 --> 00:47.450 Next up you can also use negative indexes. 00:48.200 --> 00:57.530 So with this str variable if I output minus one I wonder if you can guess what we're gonna get here. 00:57.650 --> 00:59.000 So let me type that. 00:59.000 --> 01:00.680 And you see this. 01:00.680 --> 01:02.150 The exclamation mark. 01:02.150 --> 01:08.010 So minus one means indexing characters from the end of the string. 01:08.280 --> 01:09.360 So this one. 01:09.900 --> 01:10.590 All right. 01:10.680 --> 01:15.180 Next up, what if you'd like to just grab a part of the string? 01:15.210 --> 01:22.740 Not one character, but maybe a specific amount of characters starting at a specific index. 01:22.770 --> 01:26.970 So there is a function for this called substr. 01:27.000 --> 01:29.340 And you pass a string there. 01:29.370 --> 01:31.650 The starting index. 01:31.920 --> 01:33.660 Um, this starts with zero. 01:33.660 --> 01:37.680 And then optionally the length of characters you want to grab. 01:37.680 --> 01:39.210 If you skip the length. 01:39.240 --> 01:42.810 Everything starting from index will be returned. 01:44.250 --> 01:52.770 So with this string starting from index zero getting five characters, let's see what we're gonna get. 01:52.830 --> 01:56.190 Um, maybe I'm gonna comment out those first. 01:56.220 --> 01:57.420 Let's see. 01:57.780 --> 02:00.180 Um, well, that's. 02:00.180 --> 02:00.600 Hello. 02:00.600 --> 02:02.910 First five characters. 02:03.630 --> 02:14.410 Now, if we're gonna start at index five instead, and we skip the length, well, we're gonna get the 02:14.410 --> 02:16.300 remainder of this string. 02:16.300 --> 02:23.890 So if I comment out this line that's the result of that line. 02:24.100 --> 02:31.750 Now another thing we can do is we can modify the case of the strings. 02:31.750 --> 02:36.910 So str to upper I think we've used this function before. 02:37.660 --> 02:43.390 This will just convert every single character to uppercase like that. 02:43.720 --> 02:49.720 And str to lower will do the opposite. 02:49.750 --> 02:53.200 It will convert everything to lowercase. 02:53.230 --> 02:57.160 Let me comment out those so we can clearly see the output. 02:57.160 --> 02:58.300 There it is. 02:59.350 --> 03:00.880 That was the original. 03:01.420 --> 03:08.740 So if we want to uppercase only the first character we can do you see first. 03:09.280 --> 03:18.340 And if we mix that with str two lower we can only make the first character of the sentence uppercase. 03:18.340 --> 03:21.110 That's also often very useful. 03:22.460 --> 03:24.200 So essentially it looks like this. 03:24.200 --> 03:27.500 Typically you just start a sentence from the uppercase letter. 03:27.500 --> 03:32.030 So this combination is something you actually might be using quite often. 03:32.330 --> 03:34.460 Next up the concatenation. 03:34.460 --> 03:39.680 Let's define a greeting variable that might say hello. 03:39.680 --> 03:41.450 And we've seen that before. 03:41.450 --> 03:45.170 So we use dot operator to concatenate. 03:47.990 --> 03:50.930 I forgot the assignment. 03:51.260 --> 03:53.180 So that's a typical concatenation. 03:53.180 --> 03:54.890 Nothing we haven't done before. 03:54.890 --> 03:58.670 But apart from this you can append something. 03:58.670 --> 04:01.040 So this will be dot equals. 04:01.040 --> 04:05.600 This just means append some text to the variable on the left. 04:06.200 --> 04:11.090 So this would be let's say how are you. 04:11.930 --> 04:17.240 Now let's echo this greeting variable. 04:18.050 --> 04:22.520 So this is PHP string manipulation. 04:24.230 --> 04:26.840 And there we have it.