WEBVTT 00:00.050 --> 00:06.170 Let's now see how to install and update software directly on the terminal for your Raspberry Pi. 00:06.200 --> 00:11.030 First of all, I'm going to use the command clear here to have a clean terminal. 00:11.030 --> 00:16.070 And while installing and updating software is something you will do quite often, whenever you need 00:16.070 --> 00:18.650 a new software, you will need to install a new package. 00:18.650 --> 00:23.930 And then, as you will see, it's quite important to keep all your packages up to date because you always 00:23.930 --> 00:27.350 have new versions of the packages that you already have installed. 00:27.350 --> 00:32.960 And as best practice, it's better to update the packages so you have the newer version available to 00:32.990 --> 00:35.900 use on your Raspberry Pi, on your computer or whatever. 00:35.900 --> 00:37.130 And there are two ways to do that. 00:37.130 --> 00:39.410 So we're going to see how to do that from the terminal of course. 00:39.410 --> 00:47.870 But you can also so if you go on the menu and then preferences add remove software, you see that you 00:47.870 --> 00:49.310 have a graphical menu here. 00:49.310 --> 00:55.280 And for example let's type software we want to install here I'm going to install vim. 00:55.280 --> 00:59.690 So vim is a text editor is a terminal text editor. 00:59.720 --> 01:03.850 I'm just going to use that for the purpose of installing a software. 01:03.880 --> 01:04.180 Okay. 01:04.210 --> 01:07.210 So you can press that if I press enter. 01:07.330 --> 01:10.300 So it's going to search the package. 01:10.300 --> 01:14.290 And where you have all the packages that correspond to vim. 01:14.290 --> 01:19.720 Then if you want you can just click on that and then click on okay to install the package. 01:19.750 --> 01:20.080 All right. 01:20.080 --> 01:22.360 So you can do that with the graphical interface. 01:22.360 --> 01:23.980 But we're going to do it from the terminal. 01:23.980 --> 01:28.360 And actually well you might think the graphical interface is better at first sight. 01:28.360 --> 01:33.310 But I tell you that when you are used to use the terminal for installing and updating software, you 01:33.310 --> 01:35.110 will only want to use the terminal. 01:35.110 --> 01:39.370 It's going to be much easier and quicker because the graphical interface can be annoying. 01:39.370 --> 01:41.710 It can be slow, not very practical. 01:41.710 --> 01:47.440 And also, what if you want to install several packages or specific versions and all that stuff? 01:47.440 --> 01:49.900 You have much more control with the terminal. 01:49.900 --> 01:52.120 So now let's see how to install this software. 01:52.120 --> 01:53.890 So it's called vim vim. 01:53.890 --> 01:58.420 And the first thing we need to do is to update the sources. 01:58.420 --> 02:04.560 So how does it works on a Unix system you have somewhere on your operating system a list of sources 02:04.560 --> 02:05.640 for packages. 02:05.640 --> 02:11.160 So those sources basically tell you where you can find actually not where you, but where the computer 02:11.160 --> 02:12.720 can find the packages. 02:12.720 --> 02:14.880 So the packages that are already installed. 02:14.880 --> 02:21.000 So when I say packages, I mean the software that is already installed or also the sources for the new 02:21.000 --> 02:24.960 packages to install and which version is the latest available. 02:24.960 --> 02:31.800 So then when you install a software, it's actually going to get the source from this list of sources 02:31.800 --> 02:36.330 that you have on the computer, which means that it's quite important to have sources that are up to 02:36.360 --> 02:36.900 date. 02:36.900 --> 02:41.760 So whenever we install something and we upgrade the package, we're going to want to make sure we have 02:41.760 --> 02:43.920 the latest available sources. 02:43.920 --> 02:45.690 And to do that you have the comment. 02:45.690 --> 02:51.720 So we're going to use the command apt in this lesson and then update and note here that I'm going to 02:51.720 --> 02:52.860 get an error. 02:52.860 --> 02:54.900 And the error is basically here. 02:54.900 --> 02:56.970 You see permission denied. 02:57.000 --> 02:59.010 So I'm going to put it a bit bigger here. 02:59.010 --> 03:01.020 And why do we have permission denied. 03:01.020 --> 03:04.770 Because well here you see we are running any command. 03:04.770 --> 03:07.970 So we are in the terminal as the Pi user. 03:07.970 --> 03:09.020 But there is another. 03:09.050 --> 03:11.840 Let's say another user is the admin user. 03:11.870 --> 03:14.870 Okay, so we are not logged in as admin. 03:14.870 --> 03:18.170 We are just logged in as a user, a Pi user. 03:18.170 --> 03:24.290 And to do this command, to execute this command you need admin privileges and how to get admin privileges 03:24.290 --> 03:25.070 for a command. 03:25.100 --> 03:26.120 Well it's quite simple. 03:26.120 --> 03:29.060 You will need to write sudo before the command. 03:29.060 --> 03:31.370 So sudo apt update. 03:31.400 --> 03:33.200 Okay so sudo is now really a command. 03:33.230 --> 03:36.440 It's basically a keyword you put in front of a command. 03:36.440 --> 03:43.310 So that could be any command so that you execute this command as an administrator if you are used to 03:43.340 --> 03:43.970 windows. 03:44.000 --> 03:49.340 Well it's just the same thing as if you click on something and you do so you do right click and something 03:49.340 --> 03:51.680 like execute as an administrator. 03:51.680 --> 03:53.360 So let's run that command. 03:53.360 --> 03:58.280 And well it might sometimes when you do sudo it might ask you for the password. 03:58.280 --> 03:59.630 So you just type the password. 03:59.660 --> 04:00.560 It's not going to show it. 04:00.560 --> 04:03.170 But you just type the password and you press enter. 04:03.170 --> 04:04.520 And then you will see this. 04:04.520 --> 04:08.500 So you might have something that's a bit different. 04:08.500 --> 04:11.110 You might not have exactly the same sources as me. 04:11.140 --> 04:11.350 Okay. 04:11.350 --> 04:12.160 It depends. 04:12.190 --> 04:16.240 But you will see something like this with get and then a URL for sources. 04:16.240 --> 04:17.200 You don't need to worry. 04:17.230 --> 04:19.540 Worry about that when you see this. 04:19.540 --> 04:26.380 You just know that you fetched all the new sources for the packages you already have and for the packages 04:26.380 --> 04:27.190 you can install. 04:27.190 --> 04:32.260 Now, once you have done the sudo apt update, you can install a package with. 04:32.290 --> 04:39.040 So here again we need to do sudo and then apt space and then install and then space. 04:39.040 --> 04:40.780 And then the name of the package. 04:40.780 --> 04:45.220 The name of the package we're going to install here for this example is vim. 04:45.220 --> 04:49.840 So I do this and then I press enter okay. 04:49.870 --> 04:52.270 And you're going to have some logs okay. 04:52.300 --> 04:56.110 It will tell you what will be installed what needs to be installed. 04:56.110 --> 05:00.250 So actually here we install one package but it needs to install two packages. 05:00.250 --> 05:02.050 Because there is a dependency here. 05:02.050 --> 05:07.090 It's going to tell you how much it needs to download and how much space is going to be added. 05:07.120 --> 05:07.330 Okay. 05:07.330 --> 05:11.400 So all those informations you have them here and then do you want to continue. 05:11.400 --> 05:13.530 So you can type Y for. 05:13.530 --> 05:15.180 Yes or just press enter. 05:15.180 --> 05:21.210 And then when you press enter here and this is going to download the package and then to install it. 05:21.210 --> 05:23.100 So this one is quite small. 05:23.370 --> 05:25.350 So you can see it's already downloaded. 05:25.350 --> 05:29.700 And then you have a progress bar that's gonna install the package. 05:29.700 --> 05:31.620 So let's wait a few seconds. 05:32.340 --> 05:32.640 All right. 05:32.640 --> 05:35.160 So that was maybe ten 20s for me. 05:35.160 --> 05:39.420 So it's not really that long because this package also is quite small. 05:39.420 --> 05:44.250 And well, now that I have done this command, the package vim is installed and now I can run it. 05:44.250 --> 05:47.280 So for example I have the vim command. 05:47.370 --> 05:55.170 I can press enter and you can see we will get to a uh so that's a text editor in the terminal. 05:55.170 --> 05:56.070 So that's another one. 05:56.070 --> 05:58.590 You have seen Nano but there is also vim. 05:58.590 --> 06:00.930 So I'm not going to talk more about vim. 06:00.930 --> 06:03.540 It's just an example of a package to install. 06:03.540 --> 06:07.830 But just a quick note is that this is a quite useful text editor. 06:07.830 --> 06:10.350 It's much more complex to start with. 06:10.350 --> 06:15.420 So it has a learning curve, but it's also quite powerful and you can do a lot of stuff with it. 06:15.420 --> 06:17.850 So it's a quite popular text editor. 06:17.850 --> 06:22.680 And if you want after this course, you can try to learn how to use it as an additional step. 06:22.680 --> 06:24.060 But for now, well that's it. 06:24.120 --> 06:28.770 The only thing is, if you have run the command vim like me, you may think, okay, how do we get out 06:28.770 --> 06:29.460 of this? 06:29.460 --> 06:33.390 And you can see here you type colon Q and enter to exit. 06:33.390 --> 06:35.310 So I just type colon here. 06:35.310 --> 06:40.620 You see I have this and then I type Q enter and I'm back to the terminal. 06:40.650 --> 06:41.010 Great. 06:41.010 --> 06:43.950 So we have run the software that we just installed. 06:43.980 --> 06:46.500 Now let's say you want to remove that software. 06:46.500 --> 06:48.180 How to remove that software. 06:48.210 --> 06:49.680 Well you're going to do the same thing. 06:49.680 --> 06:52.830 So sudo for admin privileges and then apt. 06:53.400 --> 06:59.880 And then instead of install you have remove remove like that and then the name. 06:59.970 --> 07:01.530 So that's going to be vim. 07:02.700 --> 07:03.120 Okay. 07:03.120 --> 07:06.210 It might ask you do you want to remove and just press enter here. 07:06.240 --> 07:10.440 Or you can also put Y and enter and it's going to remove it. 07:10.440 --> 07:11.630 So it should be quite quick. 07:11.660 --> 07:17.030 And now what you can see for example, if I try to run vim again you see we have an error like this. 07:17.030 --> 07:22.220 So you may have a no command found or no such file or directory. 07:22.250 --> 07:25.760 Okay, so you can see now that vim has been uninstalled. 07:25.790 --> 07:26.240 Great. 07:26.240 --> 07:30.080 So to install you can see that we first update the sources. 07:30.230 --> 07:35.870 Then you use the install here command with apt and sudo and with the software. 07:35.870 --> 07:37.040 And then you can use the software. 07:37.040 --> 07:39.800 And then you can also remove the software with remove. 07:39.800 --> 07:41.270 So it's not that complicated. 07:41.300 --> 07:43.100 Now let me clear that. 07:43.460 --> 07:48.470 And now let's talk about upgrading packages because well it's nice to install packages. 07:48.470 --> 07:53.540 But now you have installed this package with the specific version that was released, let's say a few 07:53.540 --> 07:58.700 days ago or a few weeks ago or whatever, but then it's not going to automatically upgrade itself. 07:58.730 --> 07:58.910 Okay. 07:58.940 --> 08:02.990 So you will need to manually upgrade the packages that you have on your computer. 08:02.990 --> 08:08.210 And upgrading is quite important because you want to have the latest versions for the packages. 08:08.210 --> 08:14.200 So you have the new functionalities, but also sometimes you have some safety and security updates that 08:14.200 --> 08:17.890 you want to make sure that you have on your computer or your Raspberry Pi. 08:17.920 --> 08:19.510 So how to upgrade packages? 08:19.510 --> 08:21.580 Well, first of all, we just did that. 08:21.580 --> 08:23.530 But I'm going to run this command again. 08:23.560 --> 08:25.930 You do a sudo apt update. 08:26.560 --> 08:29.200 So you update all the sources that you have. 08:29.230 --> 08:33.010 It's going to fetch all the sources for all the packages that you already have installed. 08:33.010 --> 08:38.800 So you know what actually your computer knows what is the latest version for each package. 08:38.800 --> 08:42.970 And you can see here, actually we have an information that I haven't mentioned it before, but now 08:42.970 --> 08:43.720 it's quite important. 08:43.720 --> 08:47.290 You see we have 72 packages that can be upgraded. 08:47.290 --> 08:49.390 So of course the number is going to be different for you. 08:49.390 --> 08:50.800 It may be less, it may be more. 08:50.800 --> 08:54.190 But this is well this is actually quite a lot. 08:54.220 --> 08:59.920 And to upgrade all of them I will do a sudo apt upgrade. 08:59.950 --> 09:06.070 I press enter and you can see well we have a lot more stuff. 09:06.100 --> 09:09.910 And so you see that well we actually need new packages. 09:09.910 --> 09:15.010 And then some packages are going to be upgraded is gonna download here. 09:15.010 --> 09:21.730 You see almost 400MB and it's going to add almost 70MB of space. 09:21.730 --> 09:22.870 So that's quite a lot. 09:22.900 --> 09:24.190 I'm going to press enter. 09:24.190 --> 09:26.320 And well now you need to wait. 09:26.320 --> 09:28.210 So it's going to take a few minutes. 09:28.210 --> 09:33.070 And well basically the more packages you have to upgrade the longer it will take. 09:33.820 --> 09:35.530 And it seemed to be done. 09:35.530 --> 09:38.890 So after was something like ten minutes for me. 09:38.890 --> 09:43.750 All the packages are updated and then well, so that took ten minutes. 09:43.750 --> 09:47.890 But if you do it more frequently, of course that's going to be much faster. 09:47.890 --> 09:50.440 And now all the packages are up to date. 09:50.440 --> 09:51.400 So just to make sure. 09:51.430 --> 09:58.420 So I'm going to press on the up arrow to do a sudo apt upgrade again and let's see what we have okay. 09:58.450 --> 09:59.140 And you can see. 09:59.140 --> 10:03.430 So I kept that for now is that you may have sometimes messages like that. 10:03.430 --> 10:08.470 So the following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required. 10:08.500 --> 10:10.090 You see a bunch of packages. 10:10.090 --> 10:13.600 We even have vim runtime that was installed with vim previously. 10:13.600 --> 10:17.120 And well those packages, as you can see, they were automatically installed. 10:17.120 --> 10:22.700 They are not necessarily removed when you remove packages or when you no longer need them. 10:22.700 --> 10:26.330 So you have to remove them with the sudo apt autoremove. 10:26.330 --> 10:35.030 So sudo apt auto remove I can press enter and then I press yes. 10:37.670 --> 10:38.030 All right. 10:38.030 --> 10:39.350 So that was quite quick. 10:39.350 --> 10:42.650 And now I can be sure that all my packages are up to date. 10:42.650 --> 10:46.160 And I don't have any packages that I don't need anymore. 10:46.160 --> 10:48.260 So that's it for updating packages. 10:48.260 --> 10:52.340 Once again, this is something very important on other operating systems. 10:52.340 --> 10:55.190 For example on windows, they don't really give you the choice, okay. 10:55.220 --> 10:57.200 They force you to upgrade the software. 10:57.200 --> 11:01.820 Sometimes you open your computer and you have to wait 20 minutes so they can access to your windows 11:01.820 --> 11:02.360 desktop. 11:02.360 --> 11:04.460 With Unix, they don't force you to do that. 11:04.460 --> 11:07.130 You have more freedom, but because you have more freedom. 11:07.130 --> 11:12.350 Also, don't forget to do it because if you don't, if you never update your packages, they will not 11:12.380 --> 11:14.000 update by themselves. 11:14.000 --> 11:16.760 So keep that in mind and try to do it quite often.