WEBVTT 0 00:00.510 --> 00:00.900 All right. 1 00:00.900 --> 00:05.900 So our main goal in today's lessons is to learn about the Tkinter module and see 2 00:08.280 --> 00:12.480 how we can use it to create graphical user interfaces, 3 00:12.540 --> 00:17.450 also known as a, a gui or a GUI. Now, 4 00:17.480 --> 00:22.480 GUIs were a huge deal back in the nineties because previously, 5 00:23.060 --> 00:25.250 in order to interact with a computer, 6 00:25.520 --> 00:30.170 you had to use a command line operating system such as MS-DOS. 7 00:30.170 --> 00:34.250 So this is kind of similar to our Python console, 8 00:34.550 --> 00:37.100 where everything we wanted the computer to do 9 00:37.340 --> 00:40.760 we had to tell it by writing a piece of text. 10 00:41.030 --> 00:44.570 So if we wanted Python to print hello, we have to write out the text. 11 00:45.350 --> 00:46.640 But GUIs were different. 12 00:47.060 --> 00:50.990 GUIs are graphical, and accompanied with a mouse, 13 00:51.260 --> 00:54.770 they allow a user with very little training in computers 14 00:55.040 --> 00:58.400 to be able to just point and click on the thing that they want to do on the 15 00:58.400 --> 00:59.233 screen. 16 00:59.660 --> 01:03.770 And one of the earliest computers that incorporated this type of 17 01:04.070 --> 01:07.340 GUI operating system was the Mac Lisa. 18 01:08.060 --> 01:09.950 It had these little windows 19 01:10.220 --> 01:13.790 which you can click on and it launches programs, 20 01:13.820 --> 01:18.140 which you can interact with by pointing and clicking. Now, 21 01:18.140 --> 01:21.890 I mentioned that the Mac had these windows and in fact, 22 01:22.160 --> 01:26.870 the Mac had programmed windows before Windows actually existed. 23 01:27.470 --> 01:32.470 So Windows was Microsoft's version of the graphical user interface operating 24 01:33.470 --> 01:36.350 system. And when it first came out, 25 01:36.530 --> 01:41.530 it created quite a bit of controversy because it seemed like it might've stolen 26 01:42.500 --> 01:46.130 this idea from Apple because after all, the Mac 27 01:46.130 --> 01:49.310 Lisa came out way before even Windows one 28 01:49.340 --> 01:53.420 let alone windows 95 or the later version that you might be familiar with. 29 01:54.170 --> 01:59.170 And this even led Apple to Sue Microsoft for infringing on their intellectual 30 02:00.470 --> 02:05.470 rights for using this graphical user interface to interact with the computer. 31 02:06.050 --> 02:09.050 This is how big a deal GUIs were a back in the nineties. 32 02:09.620 --> 02:14.620 There was such a big breakthrough in interacting with computers and that made it 33 02:14.630 --> 02:19.040 so important to both Apple and Microsoft that they ended up battling in court. 34 02:20.030 --> 02:21.530 Now, even to this day, 35 02:21.560 --> 02:26.560 Bill Gates gets asked whether if he actually copied the graphical user interface 36 02:27.560 --> 02:31.880 idea of an operating system from Steve jobs and Apple. 37 02:32.600 --> 02:37.370 And I read on a recent Reddit AMA where somebody asked him this question, 38 02:37.370 --> 02:42.290 he actually responded by saying that the copying wasn't really copying. 39 02:42.290 --> 02:46.880 It was just that they hired some people from another company, Xerox 40 02:46.880 --> 02:50.690 PARC, and it just happened that they were continuing on the work that they were 41 02:50.690 --> 02:51.980 working on before. 42 02:52.970 --> 02:57.560 But the more colorful piece of history actually comes from the biography of 43 02:57.560 --> 03:00.490 Steve jobs by Walter Isaacson and in there, 44 03:00.490 --> 03:05.490 there is this brilliant depiction of the scene where Steve Jobs, surrounded 45 03:07.090 --> 03:12.090 by his employees, is basically just going off on bill Gates, 46 03:13.230 --> 03:16.170 telling him that you're of ripping us off. I trusted you 47 03:16.170 --> 03:17.760 and now you're stealing from us. 48 03:18.060 --> 03:21.000 You saw the earlier versions of our operating system, 49 03:21.030 --> 03:24.090 and you're now using it in your Microsoft software. 50 03:24.810 --> 03:29.810 And to his credit, Bill Gates actually managed to come up with a pretty good 51 03:30.690 --> 03:33.510 response on the spot where he said, "Well, Steve, 52 03:33.600 --> 03:35.730 I think there's more than one way of looking at it. 53 03:35.730 --> 03:40.680 I think it's more like we both have this rich neighbor named Xerox and I broke 54 03:40.680 --> 03:44.520 into his house to steal the TV set and found out that you had already stolen it. 55 03:44.520 --> 03:49.260 That was a pretty good comeback from Bill Gates. And the Xerox that they are 56 03:49.260 --> 03:51.720 referring to is Xerox parc. 57 03:52.020 --> 03:57.020 It's the Palo Alto right search center that was creating loads of breakthroughs, 58 03:58.650 --> 04:02.460 um, in terms of the computing industry. And in fact, 59 04:02.490 --> 04:07.490 they created the first graphical user interface that was actually put into use 60 04:07.740 --> 04:12.000 in a computer before Apple or Microsoft even thought about it. 61 04:12.360 --> 04:17.360 They also created other things like the Ethernet or the first Object-Oriented 62 04:17.550 --> 04:20.100 Programming language. And most importantly, 63 04:20.550 --> 04:24.630 they also created the first graphical user interface that 64 04:24.660 --> 04:29.610 allowed a user to interact with the computer by pointing and clicking. 65 04:29.970 --> 04:33.690 And they even developed the first mouse to allow people to do this. 66 04:34.290 --> 04:37.710 So this is a little bit of Silicon Valley history 67 04:37.710 --> 04:41.130 that is particularly fascinating. If you're interested, 68 04:41.790 --> 04:46.790 there is a movie called Pirates of Silicon Valley that goes into this story 69 04:46.890 --> 04:49.800 in more detail and this is where I first found out about it. 70 04:50.340 --> 04:52.020 But coming back to what we're doing, 71 04:52.110 --> 04:56.850 I just wanted to show you just how important the graphical user interface was 72 04:56.880 --> 05:01.440 when it first came about. So we're going to learn how to use Tkinter 73 05:01.500 --> 05:06.180 to create our very own graphical interface programs so that we're no longer 74 05:06.180 --> 05:10.410 reliant on these console based or text based programs, 75 05:10.740 --> 05:15.480 and we're also not working within the playpen of the turtle module. 76 05:15.780 --> 05:19.950 We're going to be building some big boy and big girl programs now. 77 05:20.280 --> 05:21.750 So let's get started.