WEBVTT 0 00:00.260 --> 00:06.980 Now, in the last lesson, we saw a couple of different ways of working with Tkinter widgets. 1 00:06.980 --> 00:11.240 We've already seen how we can create Labels, 2 00:11.240 --> 00:21.320 so something like this, and also Buttons that can be clicked and do some sort of action. 3 00:21.320 --> 00:27.110 Then we've also seen Entries, which is basically some sort of text box. 4 00:27.110 --> 00:32.510 And now I want to show you some of the other widgets that you can work with. 5 00:32.510 --> 00:40.130 For example, the Text Entry box, which allows you to use multiple lines of text or something like 6 00:40.130 --> 00:47.390 the Spinbox, which is basically a sort of counter, which lets you go up and down, and then a Scale, 7 00:47.390 --> 00:53.720 which is a slider, basically, that you can move along its axis and change its value. 8 00:53.750 --> 01:02.390 Then there's a Checkbox which can be on or off, basically just a Tick box, Radio buttons, and finally 9 01:02.390 --> 01:05.390 a Listbox of choices which you can pick from. 10 01:06.560 --> 01:12.470 So these are pretty much all the widgets that you can work with. To save you from typing a lot of this 11 01:12.470 --> 01:19.770 example code, I've created a Tkinter widget demo for you, which you can go to, and you can see some 12 01:19.770 --> 01:25.380 of the existing code that we've already created, like how to create a window, or how to create a label, 13 01:25.380 --> 01:27.240 and how to create a button. 14 01:27.240 --> 01:31.950 But I want to show you some of the other features by just looking at the code. 15 01:31.950 --> 01:38.280 For example, with the entry, we can actually insert some text for the entries to start off with. 16 01:38.280 --> 01:44.550 So notice how here we can click on it to edit it, but it's really got some starting text in there. 17 01:44.550 --> 01:50.640 So for example, if you wanted to create an email box, maybe you would write the word email to give 18 01:50.640 --> 01:52.320 the user a bit of a hint. 19 01:52.350 --> 02:01.740 Now you've also got a text box, which is a large area where the user can edit, and this is simply 20 02:01.740 --> 02:03.600 created with the text widget. 21 02:03.600 --> 02:11.880 You can set the number of lines as height and the width as the width of the box, and you can set the 22 02:11.880 --> 02:17.310 text to be focused so that the cursor starts out in that text box. 23 02:17.310 --> 02:21.450 And then we can insert some piece of text to begin with. 24 02:21.450 --> 02:27.900 And we can also get hold of the text inside the text box using the get() method. 25 02:27.930 --> 02:34.080 Now notice there's something a little bit weird like the END here and the END here, 26 02:34.080 --> 02:41.460 this is just an index to allow Tkinter to figure out which particular item you're referring to, and 27 02:41.460 --> 02:42.780 you don't have to change it ever. 28 02:42.780 --> 02:45.030 This is just the code that you use. 29 02:45.030 --> 02:51.120 You can keep the code exactly as it is here, and just modify the text that you want to insert. 30 02:51.120 --> 02:59.290 And this "1.0" basically refers to getting hold of the text, starting from the first line at the character 31 02:59.290 --> 02:59.920 0. 32 03:00.850 --> 03:08.080 And then we've got a new widget that we've never really seen before, a Spinbox, which looks something 33 03:08.080 --> 03:09.940 like this. 34 03:09.940 --> 03:18.370 So you can click on the up and down to change its value, and we can print out the value that's being 35 03:18.370 --> 03:25.810 changed in there by simply getting the spinbox to be tied to a function, which is called spinbox_used() 36 03:25.810 --> 03:26.320 . 37 03:26.320 --> 03:28.810 And then we just get the value each time. 38 03:30.070 --> 03:32.950 Now, a Scale is also pretty self-explanatory, 39 03:32.950 --> 03:38.560 you can move it up and down, and we're getting hold of the value that where the user is landing on 40 03:38.560 --> 03:44.440 by simply packing again another command into that scale when we're creating it. 41 03:44.440 --> 03:49.960 And then when that function is called, it actually passes over the value that the scale is currently 42 03:49.960 --> 03:50.320 on, 43 03:50.320 --> 03:52.390 and that is what's getting printed. 44 03:54.160 --> 04:03.910 Next, we've got a Checkbox and we can click it on or off, and we can print 1 or 0 by simply tying that 45 04:03.910 --> 04:06.400 checkbox to a variable. 46 04:06.400 --> 04:12.700 And this variable is something that's defined by the Tkinter module as an IntVar(). 47 04:12.700 --> 04:14.710 So this is actually a class. 48 04:14.710 --> 04:21.280 And once we create that object from the class, then we can add it to our Checkbutton when we create 49 04:21.280 --> 04:21.640 it, 50 04:21.640 --> 04:26.110 and that variable will keep track of the value of that checkbox. 51 04:26.110 --> 04:29.140 One for on and zero for off. 52 04:29.620 --> 04:33.760 And then we can print it out when that checkbutton is used. 53 04:35.590 --> 04:39.760 Now Radio buttons are useful to pick between different options. 54 04:39.760 --> 04:45.310 So normally you'd have a number of options and only one of them can be selected at any one time. 55 04:45.310 --> 04:53.260 So in this case, what we do is again we create an IntVar(), and we tie that var to each of the radio buttons 56 04:53.260 --> 04:57.110 that we create, and then we give each of the radio buttons a value. 57 04:57.110 --> 04:58.370 So this one has value 2, 58 04:58.370 --> 04:59.750 this one has value 2, 59 04:59.750 --> 05:03.470 and they're both tied to that radio state int var. 60 05:03.470 --> 05:11.270 And then when that button gets changed, then we can actually get hold of the radio_state by calling 61 05:11.270 --> 05:12.500 radio_state.get(), 62 05:12.500 --> 05:16.430 and we get whichever value it is that's currently selected. 63 05:16.430 --> 05:18.590 So option1 or option2. 64 05:18.890 --> 05:26.630 Now finally we've got a Listbox which is just a list of options created from a Python list. 65 05:26.630 --> 05:34.850 We loop through each of the items, insert it to our listbox, and then once the listbox is used, we 66 05:34.850 --> 05:39.890 use this bind function to call this particular callback. 67 05:39.920 --> 05:47.390 This way, whenever we select any of the items in here, it will print out and get the current selection. 68 05:48.380 --> 05:53.330 Now, a lot of this code is pretty much going to be used the same each time. 69 05:53.330 --> 05:59.000 So it doesn't really matter if you don't understand fully exactly what some of these weird components 70 05:59.000 --> 05:59.510 are. 71 05:59.510 --> 06:09.200 It's just a factor of how this Tkinter library has taken this TK module and turned it into a Python 72 06:09.200 --> 06:12.470 format for us to be able to interact with it using Python. 73 06:12.470 --> 06:20.330 So there's a few weird bits like this ListboxSelect or this END being used here, but you can 74 06:20.330 --> 06:26.120 see that each line is commented and it tells you what it does, so you'll be able to figure out what 75 06:26.120 --> 06:34.260 line of code you need to write in order to add some text, or to get some text, or how to bind a function 76 06:34.260 --> 06:40.260 to the listbox, and how to get hold of the value that's currently being selected. 77 06:41.250 --> 06:48.090 I recommend heading over to this link here, and either downloading the code and opening it in PyCharm 78 06:48.090 --> 06:54.120 if you prefer, because then you can actually get a much larger version of the running program. 79 06:54.120 --> 06:59.820 Or alternatively, just have a play around with the code in here so that you understand how these widgets 80 06:59.820 --> 07:03.630 work and how you can use it basically as a palette. 81 07:03.630 --> 07:10.140 If you wanted a couple of checkboxes, or if you wanted a couple of spinboxes, then you can just pick 82 07:10.140 --> 07:16.380 and choose them from this cookbook, essentially, and then you can put them into your programs when 83 07:16.380 --> 07:17.550 and as needed.